354 Department of Agriculture, Trees 1941

Miscellaneous US Department of Agriculture AG government information, Trees. 1941 3 pages Milk Handling 1941 18 pages Dept of Agriculture U S, Surplus Marketing Division regulating the handling of Milk in Chicago Illinois Marketing Area Docket No. A-101-A2 Undated - 70 pages Forest Trees of Wisconsin and How to Know them by I G Ullson.

21029921

1941

354 Department of Agriculture, Trees 1941.pdf

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354- Miscellaneous US
Department of Agriculture
AG government information, Trees
Contents:
1941 3 pages Milk Handling
1941 18 pages Dept of Agriculture U S, Surplus Marketing Division
regulating the handling of Milk in Chicago Illinois Marketing Area
Docket No. A-101-A2
Undated - 70 pages Forest Trees of Wisconsin and How to Know
them by I G Ullson.

0-90 pages
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Compiled 1/2014 by L S Valentine Copyright©Valentine2014

UNITED

AGRICULTURE
SURPLUS MARRE'r!NG ADMINISTRATION

e
SUITE.

290,

CHIC GO,

S. COURT HOUSE
ILLINOIS

June 19, 1941

TO ALL MILK PRODUCERS:
Enclosed is a copy of a tentatively approved marketing agreement,
as amended, regulating the
of milk in the Chicago, Illinois,
marketing area, upon which a
lie hearing was held by the Secretary
of Agriculture at Chicago, Illi.noie, on April 9, 1941.
Public Act No. 10,
, as amended and as reenacted and
amended by the Agricultural
Agreement Act of 1937, provides
that the Secretary of
may issue an order, as amended, regulating the handling of milk in the Chicago, Illinois,· marketing area,
in the same manner as provided in the enclosed tentatively approved
marketing agreement. However, such order will not be issued unless such
issuance is approved by at least ~~. th~ nroducers who have
been engaged in the production of milk for sale in the Chicago, Illinois,
marketing area during the month
April 1941, as evidenced by the
votes of producers who are represented in this referendum.
Also enclosed is a ballot which you are requested to use in
casting your vote in the referendum. Please _s_~ sure to answer all of the
questions on this ballot, Mark the ballot in the squares for "yes" or
"no," sign and return to me, postmarked no~_]:at.er than midnight of the
sixth day after the date given at _t?e to:e _bf...!]:~~.s letter, using the
enclosed self-addressed envelope which requires no postage.
Sending this ballot places no obligation whatsoever upon you,
and the vote of each producer will be kept strictly confidential under
rigid Government regulations,
Very

yours,

t

------0
G/U

...---·

~

~

Wm. B. Connor
Referendum Agent.
Enclosures.

UNITED STATES DEPARTf'I[ENT OF AGRICULTURE
Surplus
Administration
June lS, 1941

SUMMARY OF PROPOSED AMENDMENTS
TO FEDERAL MILK ORDER, CHICAGO, ILLlNO~S MARKETING AREA
On this page is a surrunary
significant points on which amendments are
being submitted for referendum. The changes here proposed for the Chicago order
are not many. They are offered for
consideration of producers on the basis of
the hearing record of .april 191+1.
I. Classification of milk. (1)
on the nBasis of classification 11 is revised
to specif'y more exactly how milk shall be classified when sold outside the Chicago
J'larketing Area. Milk or cream sola to distributors located in other markets shall
be Class I or Class II> and when sold to a milk plant not in milk distribution then.
such milk or cream is classified
to u.se. Sales between markets under federal regulation are integrated.
(2) 'J.:he definitions for
I milk. and Class Ill milk are revised so that
pulk milk sold to soup establishment.s, bakeries and candy manufacturers is Class
III. 'I'hese definitions now clarify wht'l.t has been aone under the amended order to
date.
J

II. Price changes.

Price chB:nges have been made for

(l) Relief milk. prices increase from $L

milk and for Class IV milk.
to $1.75 per hundredweight.

(2) Class IV price remains the same except that when the dry skim milk price
reaches 7¢ per lb. or more, then the producers shall receive 3-l/2¢ per cwt. more
for Class IV milk for each 1/2¢ increase per lb. over 6--l/2¢. If dry skim milk.
goes down to 4-1/2¢ or less the Class
price goes down 3-l/2¢ per cwt. for each
1/2¢ per lb. that the price of dry skim milk is under 5¢. The skim powder prices
for human consumption are to be used in this price formula.
III. Out of market Class I sales and
The changes in the provision dealing with
out of market Class I sales and
are perhaps the most important of all changes
submitted for amendment. Until now
of market sales of Class I milk were eligible for adjustment by such rail:r·oad transportation rates as existed between any two
points; this meant that long distance hauls might return the producer less than manufacturing prices for milk. Also out of market ~>ales to government institutions
and establishments were a serious
problem. The amendments now submitted
deal with these problems as follows:
(l) 'l'he market administrator continues to ascertain Class I prices for out
of market sales) but the nbottom 11
is 20¢ below the regular Class I price.
(2) Sales to government insti
they were sales in the Chicago
plant location adjustment is made,

tions and establishments are treated as if
Area. No freight allowance except for

(3) Class I milk sold
the 70-mile zone is eligible for transportation adjustment of 2¢ for each 15 mile::> up to
rniles and 1¢ per 10 miles thereafter.
(4) No change has been made
Class II price applies.

out of market Class II milk; the regular

11 overrun. n ~ nOverrun 11 has been a difficult problem to deal with administratively. Uhder the proposed amendments the val-ue in dollars and cents represented
noverrunH is to be paid into the producersettlement f-~nd (pool) and becomes .a
of the money available for all producers.

IV. Excess milk and .butterfat , usually. k.r!ovm as

V. New producer provision is NOT incluQed in the amendments now submitted.

VI. The Chicago Marketing Area has NOT been changed.
GENERAL COMMENT. Nothing can
saiQ at. this time as to the status of the milk
regulation proposed for the suburban area west of Chicago. This matter is now being considered by the Dairy
at Washington.

UNITED
SURPLU

AGRICUI.TURE
ARKET!MG ADM NISTRATION
~

SUITE 290>

U.

S. COURT HOUSE

CHICAGO,

ILLINOIS

MILK PRO UCER'S BALLOT
1.

Did you

milk
Answer 'Yes' or 'No.'

2"

To what
of April, 1941?
Ans,:

4.

Loc.:~tlon

delivered in the month

your

of

Give name of the coun
you produced the milk re
Ans.

was

1. Name of de~Jer - - - - - - - - - - - -

2.

3.

)

ate in which is located the farm where
in
1.

--·-·-·-----~ · · - - - - ·

Do you approve the
reta:ry of Agriculture of an
order, as
,
the
of milk in the Chicago,
Illinois, marketing area in the same manner as provided in the tentatively approved
, as amended?
YES

(Mark

J.n

one

square with an
siwwitlg
wh.ich way you
wish to vote.

NO

D
(Can number,)
( i f i>!11Y· )

..-··----·-

·------·-~·~---·-··-~----

If your signature above i
envelope in which this
appears on the envelope,

fferent from the name appearing on the
was
, note here the name as it

------·---THIS BALLOT WILL BE TREATED AS CON.FIDENTIAL INFORMATION BY
THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE l\ND IT MUST BE POSTMARKED NOT
, ,
25, 1941,
IF IT IS TO BE
LATER THAN 11:59 P.
COUNTED IN TilE REFERENDUM,

Docket No. A 10 I~A2

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SURPLUS

ING ADMINISTRATION
DAIRY DIVISION
WASHINGTON, D. C.

TENTATIVELY APPROVED MARKETING AGREEMENT, AS AMENDED,
REGULATiNG THE HANDLING OF ~llK IN THE CHICAGO, ILLINOIS,
MARKETING AREA

Dated:

June 19, 1941

Washington, D. C.

- 2 INSI'RUCTIONS .F'OR SIGNING MP..RKETING AGREEMENT
(Please read carefully before signing)
Handlers of milk who wish to enter into the marketing
agreement, as amended, regulating the handling of milk in
the Chicago, Illinois, marketing area with the Secretary of
Agriculture should fill in and si.>;n in accordance with the
following instructions:
1. The agreement should be signed in the space provided
for the signer's signature and address in Section 941.16
just below the section headed "Signature of parties." The
type of business organization which you represent, whether
corporation, partnership, or individual, should be indicated
with your signature. If your busirwss is organized as a
corporation you should be sure to
the corporate seal
at the left of your signature.
2. The record of milk handled during the month of April
1941 should be properly certified as indicated on Page 17.
3. The authorization to correct ty·pographical errors on
page 17 should be s
4. If your business is a corporation, the board of directors should pass a resolution in the form attached to the
agreement on page 18 authorizing the signing of this agreement.
·
5. In the case of partnerships and other business
units, the agreement should be signed by persons authorized
to represent the sarne, such authorization to be indicated.
When the above procedure has been completed, the agreement should be returned to Mr. William B. Connor, Suite 290,
U. S. Court House, Chicago, Illinois.

- 3 MARKETING AGREEMENT, AS AMENDED, REGULATING THE
HANDLING OF MILK IN THE CHICAGO, ILLINOIS,
MARKETING AREA

Whereas, under the terms and provisions of Public Act
No. 10, 73d Congress, as amended and as reenacted and amended
by the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 (50 Stat.
2L~6), the Secretary of Agriculture of the United States is
empowered, after due notice and opportunity for hearing, to
enter into marketing agreements with processors, producers,
associations of producers, and others engaged in such handling
of any agricultural commodity or product thereof as is in the
current of interstate or foreign commerce, or which directly
burdens, obstructs, or affects interstate or foreign commerce
in such commodity or product thereof; and
Whereas, the Secretary, having reason to believe that
the execution of an amendment to the tentatively approved
marketing agreement, as amended, and to the order, as amended,
regulating the handling of milk in the Chicago, Illinois,
marketing area, would tend to effectuate the declared policy
of said act, gave, on the 31st day of March 1941, notice of
a public hearing to be held at Chicago, Illinois, on the 9th
day of April 1941, on a proposed marketing agreement and a
proposed order, which hearing was held on the 9th day of
April 1941, and at said time and place conducted a public
hearing at which all interested parties were afforded an
opportunity to be heard on the proposed marketing agreement
and the proposed order; and
Whereas, the parties hereto, in order to effectuate
the declared policy of said act, desire to enter into this
marketing agreement.
NOW, THEREFORE, the parties signatory hereto (said
parties being the handlers and the Secretary) agree:
Sec. 941.1 Definitions. {a) Terms. The following terms as
useaherein shall have the following meanings:
( 1) The term ''Chicago, Illinois, marketing area, 11 hereinafter
called the 11 marketing area," means the territory lying within the
corporate limits of the cities of Chicago and Evanston, and the territory lying within the corporate limits of the villages of Wilmette,
Kenilworth, Winnetka, Glencoe, and Oak Park, all in the state of
Illinois.
(2) The term "person" means any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or any other business unit.
(3) The term "approved plant" means any plant which is approved
by any health authority for the receiving of milk which may be disposed
of as Class I milk, as defined in Sec. 941.4, in the marketing area.

- 4 (4) The term "producer" means any person who produces milk which
is received by a handler at an approved plant, or who produces milk which,
upon proof furnished satisfactory to the market administrator, is qualified to be received at such approved plant.
(5) The term "handler" means any person, who, on his own behalf
or on behalf of others, purchases or receives milk from producers, associations of producers, other handlers, persons producing milk not qualified
to be received at an approved plant, or persons operating an unapproved
plant, all, or a portion, of which milk is disposed of as Class I milk or
Class II milk in the marketing area; and who, on his own behalf or on behalf of others, engages in such handling of milk, or cream therefrom, as
is in the current of interstate commerce or which directly burdens, obstructs, or affects interstate commerce in milk and its products. This ·
definition shall be deemed to include any person who receives milk from
producers at an approved plant from which no milk or cream is disposed
of in the marketing area, and any cooperative association or handler with
respect to the milk of any producer which it causes to be delivered to a
plant from which no milk or cream is disposed of in the marketing area,
for the account of such cooperative association or handler.
The term "market administrator 11 means the agency which is
described in Sec. 941.2 for the administration hereof.
(6)

(7) The term 11 delivery period 11 means the current marketing period
from the first to the last day of each month, both inclusive.
(8) The term 11 cooperative association" means anycooperative
association of producers which the Secretary determines (a) to have its
entire activities under the control of its members, and (b) to have and
to be exercising full authority in the sale of milk of its members.
(9) The term "frozen cream 11 means milk the butterfat from
which is held in an approved cold storage warehouse at an average
temperature below zero degrees Fahrenheit for seven (7) consecutive days,
as shown by charts of a recording thermometer.
(10) The term "act" means Public Act No. 10, 73d Congress, as
amended and as reenacted and amended by the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937.
(11) The term "Secretary" means the Secretary of Agriculture of the
United States.
Sec. 941.2 Market administrator. (a) Selection, removal, and bond.
The agency for the administration hereof shall be a market administrator who
shall be a person selected and subject to removal by the Secretary. The
market administrator shall, within 45 dayR following the date upon which he
enters upon his duties, execute and deliver to the Secretary a bond, condit~oned upon the faithful performance of his duties, in an amount and with
surety thereon satisfactory to the Secretary.
(b) Compensation. The market administrator shall be entitled to
such reasonable compensation as shall be determined by the Secretary.
(c) Powers. The market administrator shall have the power:
(1) to administer the terms and provisions hereof, and (2) report to the
Secretary complaints of violations of this order.

-- 5 -, in addition to the duties

(d) Duties.
- - - The market
hereinafter described,
Keep such
actions

and

reflect the trans-

as

herein;
(2)

Submit his
any and all times;

and

examination by the Secretary at

(3)
retary may request;

Obtain a bond
employee who han.dles

and

as the Sec-

th rEKLsonable
thereon
entru.s·::,ed to the market administrator;

INi

each

reasona.ble notice, the na'Tie of any
to Sec. 91,1. 3, or made payments

(5) Public1y
person who has not made
required by Sec. 941.8;
(6) Prepare and disseminate,
sumers, and handlers, such stB_tistics
eration
as do not reveal

the bene fl. t

(7)
and fix
necessary to enable him to
and

, con-·
the op-

of ::mch persons as may be
and nrovisions
;

(8) Pay, out
the
received
cost of his bond and of the bonds of such
entrusted to the
, his own
expenses which
functioning of his office and

to Sec.
flinds
, and all other
maintenance and
his duties.

The market administrator

com-

pute
(1) Not
than
period, the prices for all classes
the differentials
plicable pursuant to Sec.
.5
.

each delivery

(2) Not later than
period, the uniform

pursuant

Sec. 94.1.3
Each handler shall report to
on forms prescribed
(1) On or
each handler who
and other handlers,
such sources,
ation
producers
the uti1ization
(2)

the quantity,
milk at each

.5(c

end of each
to Sec. 941.5( ,
and the Class I prices ap-

• ?(b).

_ in the detail and
administ:rator, as follows:

end
each delivery period,
receives milk from associations of producers
to all milk
or
from
to t,he market
and to the associ:milk was purchased, a record
oorsuant to Sec .. 941.4.
each delivery
the
of milk at ea.ch plant

,

-- 6 ·-

from
than
milk
milk

other handlers, (c) the
of milk or cream from sources other
producers and handlers, if any, (d)
at each plant of the
produced by him, if any ru1d (e) the
zation of all receipts of
for the delivery

On or before
after the end of each delivery period
the information required
to
and producer
withdrawals, and changes in the names of
(3)

(4) On or before the 10th
after
the sale or disposition of milk outside the
Sec. 941.5(e) as follows: (
the amount
, (c) the
(b) the butterfat test
which such milk is shipped, and (e) such
the market administrator may

each delivery period,
area, pursuant to
the utilization of such milk,
of use, (d) the plant from
with respect as

(5) On or before the
after the end of each delivery period
his producer pay
, which shall show for each
(a) the total
delivery of milk with the average bu
, (b) the net amount
of payment to
producer
Sec 941.8, (c) any deductions
and charges made by the handler,
other information with respect thereto as the market

(b)
The market administrator
shall verify all reportE.l and
by audit of such handler's records, and of the records of
handler or person upon whose
disposition of milk such handla:~~
. Each handler shall
keep adequate
of
and
shall, during
the usual hours of business, make available to the market administrator or
his representative such records and
ties as
enable the market administrator to:

(1) Verify the
reported pursuant to this
certain the correct fi~~res;

_, and, in

all milk required to be
errors or omissions, as-

(2) Weigh, sample, and test for butterfat content the milk received
from producers and any product
milk upon which
depends; and

(3)

the

to

in Sec. 941.8.

Sec. 941.4 _-::.:;:::,:::.::-...:::==''-""=~=-...:::.=:..-==~
All milk purchased or received
, associations of
producers, and other
by him,
any, and
including milk or crearn
or recei 'rod
sources other than producers or handlers,
the h.andler in the classes set
forth in paragraph (b)
'I'hat (
any milk moving
as fluid milk from any
a nonhandler who distributes fluid milk
milk and any cream moved
in the form of cream to such
shall be
as Class II milk,
except for milk or cream in
of
amount of Class I or Class II milk
distributed by the
moving from a handler 1 s
plant to a plant of a
fluid
shall
be classified according
subject to verification
by the market administrator;
handler's plant
where the milk was first received
of a second
handler, which has
be
I milk
moved

-- 7

from the second handler's
as
cream; and (4) any milk mo-vi:ng
first received from producers to a
facturing facilities may be
third handler: And provided
by a handler to a person who
ment or order, such milk may
(b) Classes of utiliza~on.
paragraph (a) of this section, the
as follows:

and Class II if moved as
the handler s
where the milk was
s plant which has no manut~., its utilization
a
~rha t in the ctlse of the sale of milk
under
.Federal milk agreeon a.
basis.
to the
set forth in
utilization of milk shall be

(1) Class I milk shall be all milk
of in the form of fluid
milk, excluding bulk milk
of to ba.keriess soup companies, and candy
manufacturing establishments, but
bulk milk disposed of to hotels,
restaurants, and other retail
establishments,
all milk not accounted
for as Class II milk, Class III l'lli.lk; or Class IV milk.
(2) Class II milk shall be
in the form of flavored milk and
butterfat from which is disposed
or sour cream,
cottage cheese, buttermilk,
cream, ice cream, and ice cream mix.

(3) Class III milk
be
milk the butterfat from which is
used to produce a milk product other than one
specified in Class II
, soup companies, and
and Class IV, and all bulk milk
of to
candy manufacturing establishments.

(4) Class·IV milk shall
from which is used
to produce butter and cheese,
, and all milk accounted
for as actual plant shrinkage:
, That such plant shrinkage shall
not exceed 2 percent of the total
m:Uk from producers and from
the handler 1 s own production,
whose
claimed the original
classification of milk in this class shall be liable under the provisions
of Sec. 941.8(g) for the
the
IV and Class II prices
for the delivery period in which the
IV classification was claimed on
butter is subsequentany such milk, if the butterfat used in the production
ly used in the production of ice crerun or ice cream mix.
(c) Responsibility
handler~--i~abl:j,sl:!.:!:.llii t~he classification of
milk. In establishing the
of
as required .in paragraph
(b) of this section, the
in establishing the
classification of milk receiYed
be as follows:
(1) In establishing the
any milk receiYed by a handler from producers, the burden rests upon the handler who receives the milk
from producers to account for the milk and to prove to the market administrator that such milk should not be
as
I milk.
(2) With respect to milk, or
milk, disposed of to another
handler, the burden rests
the
the milk from producers to account for the
or sk:tmmed
' and to prove to the market
.,u,..aL.<..u not be classified as
administrator that such
Class I milk: Provided, That
the market administrator
discloses a higher utilization than that
pursuant to Sec. 941.3(a) (1)
for milk purchased by a handler
cooperative association, the market
administrator shall notify
handler
such handler shall with-

-- 8 -

in 5 days after notification by the market administrator to make adjustment
to such cooperative association on the basis of such higher utilization as
verified by the market administrator.
(d) Computation of milkin each class. F'or each delivery period,
each handler shall compute, in the manner and on forms prescribed by the
market administrator, the amount of milk in each class, as defined in paragraph (b) of this section, as follows:
(l) Determine the total pounds of milk (a) received from producers,
(b) produced by him, if any, (c) received
other handlers, if any,
(d) received from other sources, if any, and (e) add together the resulting amounts.
(2) Determine the total pounds of butterfat received as follows:
(a) multiply the weight of the milk received from producers by its average
butterfat test, (b) multiply the weight of the milk produced by him, if any,
by its average butterfat test, (c) multiply the weight of the milk received
from other handlers, if any,
i.ts average butterfat test, (d) multiply the
weight of the milk received from other sources, if any, by its average butterfat test, and (e) add together the
amounts.
(3) Determine the total pounds of milk in Class I as follows:
(a) convert to quarts the quantity of milk. disposed of in the form of milk,
excluding bulk milk disposed of to bakeries, soup companies, and candy manufacturing establishments, and multiply by 2. , (b) multiply the result by
the average butterfat test of such milk, and (c) if the quantity of butterfat so computed when added to the pounds of butterfat in Class II milk,
Class III milk, and Class IV milk; computed pursuant to subparagraphs (4) (b),
(5) (b), and (6) (c) of this paragraph, is less thru~ the total pounds of butterfat received 1 computed in accordance with subparagraph (2) of this paragraph,
an amount equal to the difference shall be dj_vided by 3. 5 percent and added
to the quantity of milk determined pursuant to (a) of this subparagraph.

(4) Determine the total pounds of milk in Class II as follows:
(a) multiply the actual weight of each of the several products of Class II
milk by its average butterfat test, (b) add together the resulting amounts,
and (c) divide the result obtained in (b) of this subparagraph by 3.5 percent.
( 5) Determine the total pounds of milk i.n Class III as follows:
(a) multiply the actual weight of each of the several products of Clas$ III
milk, including all bulk milk di.sposed of to bakeries, soup companies, and
candy manufacturi.ng establishments by its average butterfat test, (b) add
together the resulting amounts, and (c) divide the result obtained in (b) of
this subparagraph by 3.5 percent.
( 6) Determine the total pounds of m.ilk in Class IV as follows:
(a) multiply the actual weight of each of the several products of Class IV
milk by its average butterfat test, (b) add together the resulting amounts,
(c) subtract the total pounds of butterfat in Class I milk, Class II milk,
and Class III milk, computed pursuant to subparagraphs (3) (b), (4) (b), and
(5)(b) of this paragraph, and the total
of butterfat computed pursuant to (b) of this subparagraph, from the total pounds of butterfat computed pursuant to subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, which resulting quantity shall be allowed as plant shrinkage for the purposes of this paragraph
(but in no event shall such plant shrinkage allowance exceed 2 percent of
the total receipts of butterfat from producers
the handler) and shall

-· 9 be added to the result obtained in
ide the result obtained in (c) of this
(7)
as

, and (d) divpercent.
milk received from producers

Determine the

follows~

(i) Subtract from the
of milk in each class the total
pounds of milk which were received from other handlers and used in such class.
(ii) Subtract from the
pounds
milk in each
the total
pounds of milk which were received from sources other than producers and
handlers and used in such class.

(iii) Subtract pro rata
the quantity·
milk received

of the
milk in each class
1
the handler s own farm.

of this section, the re(iv) Except as set. forth in
(
sul t shall be known as the 11 net pooled milk 1l i.n each class.
(e) In the event of a difference betwE~en the total quantity of milk
utilized in several classes as
pursuant to paragraph (d) of this
section and the quantity of milk received from
, except for excess
milk or milk equivalent of butterfat pursuant Sec,
.6(c), such difference
shall be reconciled as follows:
(1) If the total
of milk in the various classes for any
handler, as- computed
(
this section, is less than
the receipts of milk
, the market administrator shall increase
the total pounds of milk
for such handler by an amount equal to
the difference between the
of milk
producers and the total
utilization of milk by classes
handler, which result shall be knovm
as the nnet pooled milk" in each class,
(2) If the total utili
milk in the various classes for any
handler, as computed
(d)
this section, is greater
than the receipts of milk from
the market administrator shall decrease the total pounds
milk in Class IV for such handler by an amount
equal to the difference between the
of milk from producers and the
total utilization of milk
classes for such handler, which result shall be
known as the "net pooled milkn in
class~
Sec.
.5
(a)
Except as set
forth in
a..'1d subject to the differentials set
forth in
of this section, each handler shall pay, at
the time
manner set
in Sec.
milk purchased or
received by such handler at a ..'1y
located not more than 70 miles by rail
or highway 1 whichever is the
from
Hall of Chicago, not less
than the prices set forth :Ln
handler who purchases or
receives 1 during any
,
a cooperative association
which is also a handler
, on or before the 15th day after the end of
the delivery
, pay such cooperative assoeiations in full for such milk
at not less than the minimum class
, with
differentials,
applicable pursuant to
section
(2)

Class I milk

Add to the

3.5 percent butterfat content
in paragraph (b) of this section

per hundredweight for milk of
to the formula set forth
70 cents per hundredweight for the months

- 10 -

of July, August, September, October, and November; 55 cents per hundredweight for the months of December, January,
March, and April; and
45 cents per hundredweight for the months of
and June: Provided, That
with resp~ct to Class I milk disposed of under a program approved by the Secretary for the sale or disposition of milk to low~income consumers, including persons on relief, the price shall be
.
per hundredweight.
(3)

Class II milk - Add to

th~

price per hundredweight for milk of
to the formula set forth in
paragraph (b) of this section,
cents per hundredweight for the! months of
July, August, September, October, and November;1
cents per hundredweight for
the months of December, Januar..r, February, Narch, and April; and 20 cents
per hundredweight for the months of May and

3.5 percent butterfat content, computed

(4) Class III milk - The price per
for mil~ containing 3.5 percent butterfat during each delivery period shall be the average,
computed by the market administrator, of
, as reported to the United
States Department of Agriculture, paid
such delivery period to farmers
at each of the places or evaporated milk
where milk is purchased or
received for evaporating purposes at places listed in this subparagraph and
for which prices are reported, but in no event shall such price be less than
the price computed pursuant to the formula set forth in paragraph (b) of this
section.
LOCATION OF EVAPORATED
Mt. Pleasant, Michigan
Sparta, Michigan
Hudson, Michigan
Wayland, Michigan
Coopersville, Michigan
Greenville, Wisconsin
Black Creek, Wisconsin
Orfordville, Wisconsin
Chilton, Wisconsin

MIJ;:~

PLANTS AND PLACES
Berl:Ln, Wisconsin
Richland Center, Wisconsin
Oconowomoc, Wisconsin
Jefferson, Wisconsin
New Glarus, Wisconsin
Belleville, Wisconsin
New London, Wisconsin
Manitowoc, Wisconsin
1f1est Bend, Wisconsin

( 5) Class IV milk -· JV[ul tiply by 3. 5 the average price per pound of
92-score butter at wholesale in the Chicago ma.rket, as reported by the United
States Department of Agriculture for the
period during which such
milk was received, and add 20 percent: Prmrided, That such price shall be
subject to the following adjustments: (1) Add 3 l/2 cents per hundredweight
for each full one-half cent that the price of
skim milk for human consumption is above 6 l/2 cents per pound, (2) subtract 3 l/2 cents per hundredweight for each full one-half cent that the
ee of such dry skim
milk is below 5 cents per pound. For purposes of this paragraph, the price
per pound of such dry skim milk to be used in determining such adjustment
in the Class IV price shall be the average of the carlot prices for dry skim
milk for human consumption as published by the United States Department of
Agriculture for Chicago or for a Chicago area
the delivery period,
including in such average the quotations
for any fractional part
of the previous delivery period which were not published and available for the
the price determination of such dry skim milk for the previous delivery
period; and in the absence of such published quotations for Chicago or a
Chicago area, the average of the carlot price quotations for such dry skim
milk by the United States Department of Agriculture
New York shall be
used.

-· 11

~

(b) Basic Jormula to be .:id:!?_ed in determin~gg__Q}ass I and Class II
prices. ~'he basic formula to be
the Class I and Class II
prices, set forth in this section per
of milk shall be determined for each
as follows:
(1) Multiply the average
at Chicago
said
ment of Agriculture

per pound of 92--score butter
the United States Depart-

(2) Add 2.4 times the average
per pound of
"Twi.ns 11 during said delivery
on the \;{isconsin Cheese Exchange at
Plymouth, ·wisconsin: Provided,
if the
of 11 Twins 11 is not quoted
on the Wisconsin Cheese
price of "Cheddars"
shall be deemed to be the
!Pfwinsn and shall be used in
determining the
ce
(3) Divide by seven (7), the sum so determined being hereafter referred to in this
as the Hcombined butter and cheese value. 11

(4)

To the combined bt:ttter and cheese value add 30 percent thereof.

( 5) Multiply the sum
1.n
result of which shall be the basic formula
in determining Class I and Class II
,

(4) above by 3.5, the
hundredweight of milk

(c)
If any handler has p~rchased
or received
more or
than 3.5 percent
butterfat, such handler shall add or deduct, per hundredweight of milk, for
each one-tenth of l percent
abov-e or below 3.5 percent, an amount
equal to the Class IV
to paragraph (a) of this section, divided by 35,
(d)
With respect to milk
purchased or
located more than 70 miles
by rail or highway;
the City Hall in Chicago,
which is classified as Class I milk
Cla~>s II mLlk, there shall be deducted 2 cents per
cent per hundredweight, re,s.pectively,
for each additional
thereof that such plant is located in
excess of 70 miles from
Ha11 in Chicago: Provided, That no such
deduction shall
to unaccounted for milk classified as Class I milk
pursuant to paragraph (
(3) , and such unaccounted for milk
shall be considered to
at the most distant plant at which
the handler receives milk
Provided further, That if any
handler can prove to the
that the Lc.L freight rate,
approved by the Interstate
Conun:Lssion, or the State authorities
having the power to fix intrastate rail rates, for:' the movement of cream in
40-quart cans from the
for the
where such milk is received from producers to
than l/4 cent per
hundredweight of
such
be allowed such handler
on Class II
but in no case shall such rate exceed l/2 cent per hundredweight of milk. There shall be no ocation
ustment to handlers with respect to Class III milk or Class IV milk,
(2) For purposes of this
I milk shall be considered
to be that :milk purchaE;ed or
\red from
at plants located nearest to the marketing area from whic:h whole milk is shipped to the marketing
area: Provided, That when actual
of milk to the marketing area by

J...::
any: handler from two or more
in
zones are shown to
be in excess of such
milk 1 the
adjustment on
lilass ..L milk as
this section shall be applied to such milk up
1s
to and including 110 percent of such
I milk. Class II milk
shall be considered to be that milk
from producers
at plants located nearest to the
after accounting for Class
I milk, from which whole milk or cream is
to the marketing area:
.t'rovided, that, upon proof
the market administrator that
Class IImilk was received
at a more distant plant location,
adjustment shall be allowed
at
ch
Class II milk was
received from producers.
(e) ~ales outside the m§.J::k~.~§:..:._
The price to be
by
a handler for Glass I milk
of outsicte the marketing area, in lieu
of the price otherwise
pursuant to this section and except as
provided in subparagraph
this
shall be the price, as ascertained by the market administrator) which
for milk of equivalent use in the market where such milk is
of: Provided) That in the
event such Class I milk is
of outside the 70-mile zone, such Class
I price; as ascertained by the market adm:LnistratorJ shall be subject to a
transportation adjustment of 2 cents
of such milk for every
15 miles or fraction thereof up to and.
miles and thereafter 1
cent for every 10 miles or fraction thereof trom
shipping point for the
plant where such milk is rece:L ved. from proeuc:err" to the market where such milk
is utilized as
I milk:
further,
such Class I price, as
ascertained by the market administrator, less the adjustment for transportation, shall not be lower than the
I
, f, o. b. 70-mile zone,. as set
forth in ~ec. 941.5( (2) minus 20 cents.
j

(2) The price to be
a handler for
I milk disposed of
outside the marketing area for whieh no
be ascertained on the basis
provided for in subparagraph
of this
} including Class I milk
disposed of to Government institutions and et>tablishments on a basis of bids,
shall be the price for Class I milk set forth in
. 941.5 (a) (2) applicable
for the pla..11.t at which such milk :is receiYed from producers, which price shall
not be subject to adjustment for
as provided in subparagraph
(
of this paragraph.
~ec. 941.6
(a) ~~ers who are also producers. No provision
handler whose sole sources of
supply are receipts from his
an<:1
other handlers, except
that such handlers shall make
administrator at such time
and in such manner as the market administrator
.

(b)
from_producers or_gther ha,.Jl<iLEJr(i·
any handler ha~ purchased or received
milk or butterfat from sources determined as other than producers or other
handlers, the market administrator; in
the value
milk for such
handler pursuant to l:)ec. 941.7_, shall consider such milk or the milk equivalent of such butterfat as
milk.
handler uses such
milk or butterfat for other
; such handler shall pay to
producers, through the
the difference between (a)
the value of such milk or
s
price a.nd (b) the value
according to its actual utLlizah.on by the handler. This provision shall not
apply to milk or butterfat fro.m sou.rces aetermined as other than producers
or handlers, if such handler cGXl prove to the market administrator that $UCh
milk or butterfat was usect for puTi)(JSes wl:-:tieh did not violate any regulations
issued by the various health authorities Jn the marketing area,

- 13 (c) Payment for excess milk or butterfat. In the event that a handler, after subtracting receipts from his own production, receipts from other
handlers, and receipts from sources determined as other than producersor
other handlers, has disposed of milk and/or butterfat in excess of the milk
and/or butterfat which, on the basis of his reports, has been credited to
his producers as having been delivered by them, such handler shall pay to
producers, through the producer-settlement fund, the value of such milk and/
or the milk equivalent of such butterfat in accordance with its utilization.
Sec. 941.7 ~etermination of uniform price. (a) Net pool obligation
of handlers. oubject to the provisions of Sec. 941.6, the net pool obligation of each handler for milk received from producers during each delivery
period shall be a sum of money computed for such delivery period as follows:
(l) Multiply the "net pooled milk" in each class, computed pursuant
to i:lec. 941.4, by the class price, with appropriate differentials applicable
pursuant to i:lec. 941.5{-c), (d), and (e), and add together the resulting values.
(2) Deduct, if the average butterfat content of all milk received
from producers is in excess of 3.5 percent, and add, if the average butterfat
content of all milk received from producers is less than 3.5 percent, the
total value of the butterfat differential applicable pursuant to Sec. 941.8(c).
(b) Computation of the uniform price. The market administrator .shall
compute the uniform price per hundredweight of milk for each delivery period
in the following manner:
(1) Combine into one total the net pool obligations of all handlers,
computed pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section, who made the reports pursuant to bee. 941.3(a)(2) for such delivery period;
(2) Add the amount of the location differentials applicaple pursuant
to i:lec. 941.8(bJ;
(3)

Add the amount of cash balance in the producer-settlement fund;

(4) Divide the result by the total quantity of net pooled milk of all
handlers whose reports are included in this computation; and
(5) ~btract not less than 4 cents nor more than 5 cents to provide
against the contingency of errors in reports and payments or of delinquencies
in payments by handlers. The result shall be known as the uniform price for
milk containing 3.5 percent butterfat received from producers at plants located within the 70-mile zone.
Sec. 941.8 ~ayment for milk. (a) Time and method of payment. On or
before the 18th day after the end of each delivery period each handler. shall
pay each producer, for milk purchased or received during the delivery period,
an amount of money representing not less than the total value of such milk, at
the uniform price per hundredweight, computed pursuant to Sec. 941.7(b) and
subject to the location adjustments and butterfat differentials set forth in
this section.
(b) Location adjustments to producers. In making payments to producers pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section, handlers shall deduct with respect to all milk purchased or received from producers, at a plant located
more than 70 miles by rail or highway, whichever is the shorter, from the City
Hall in Chicago, the amount specified as follows:

Cents
.R_er
cwt.
Within
Within
Within
Within
Within
'vilithin
Within

70.1 to 85 miles .
85.1 to 100 miles.
100.1 to 115 miles
115.1 to 130 miles .
130.1 to 145 miles .
145.1 to 160 miles
160.1 to 175 miles .

.

.
.

.

.
.
.

2
4
6
8
10
12
14

For each 15 miles or part thereof beyond 1
miles from the City Hall in
Chicago, an additional l/2 cent per hundredweight.
(c) butterfat different~al to proqgcf~G'i· 'I'he uniform price paid to
producers shall be plus or minus} as the case may be, 4 cents per hundredweight for each one-tenth of l percent above or below 3.5 percent average
butterfat content of milk delivered by any producer during any delivery period.
(d) Producer-settlement fur1d. The market administrator shall establish and maintain a separate fund known as the 11 producer-settlement fund"
into which he shall deposit all payments made
handlers pursuant to paragraphs le) and (g) and out of which he shal1 make all payments to handlers
pursuant to paragraphs (f) and (g) of this E:>ection: Provided, That the market administrator shall offset any such payment due to any handler against
payments due from such handler. Immediately after computing the uniform
price for each delivery period; the market administrator shall compute the
amount by which each handler's net pool
, including the payments
to producers which are required to be made pursuant to Sec. 941.6, is greater
or less than the sum obtained by multiplying such handler's net pooled milk
by the uniform price and shall enter such aJnount on each handler's account
as such handler 1 s pool debit or pool credit) a;:: the case may be, and render
such handler a transcript of his account.
(e) Payments to the prod:tJ_cer-settle__rr~nt fund. On or before the 16th
day after the end of each delivery period each handler shall make full payment
to the market administrator of
pool debit balance shown on the account
rendered, pursuant to paragraph
of this section, for the preceding delivery period.
(f) Payments out of t[te goducer--sett,lement fund. On or before the
17th day after the end of each delivery period, the market administrator
shall pay to each handler the pool credit balance shown on the account rendered, pursuant to paragraph (d) of this section) if any} for the preceding
delivery period, less any unpaid obligations of the handler. If at such time
the balance in the producer-settlement fund is insufficient to make all payments pursuant to this paragraph, the market administrator shall reduce uniformly such payments and shall complete such payments as soon as the necessary
funds are available. No handler, who 7 on the 18th day after the end of each
delivery period, has not received the balance of the payment due him from the
market administrator shall be deemed to be in violation of paragraph (a) of
this section if he reduces his total paym.ents uniformly to all producers by
not more than the amount of the reduction in payment from the producer-settlement fund.
(g) ll.d,justments of error~~- in paymet;J,}.S. 1N'henever verification by the
market administrator of reports or paymentG of any handler discloses errors
made in payments to the producer-settlement fund pursuant to paragraph (d)

of this section, the market administrator shall promptly bill such handler for
any unpaid amount and such handler shall, withjrr 5 days, made payment to the
market administrator of the amount so billed. Whenever verification. discloses
that payment is due from the market administrator to any handler, pursuant to
paragraph (d) of this section, the market adJninistrator shall, within 5 days,
make such payment to such handler.
verification by the market administrator of the payment by a handler to any producer, for milk pruchased or
received by such handler, discloses payment to such producer of less than is
required by this section; the handler shall make up such payment to the producer not later than the time of
payment to producers next following
such disclosure.
Sec. 941.9 .tJxpense of adm1nis~tration. (a) f~ents by handlers. As
his prorata share of the expense of the administration hereof each handler,
except those handlers exempt from the provisions hereof as set forth in Sec.
94l.6(aJ, shall pay to the market administrator, on or before the 18th day
after the end of each delivery
, a sum not exceeding 2 cents per hundredweight with respect to all milk
or received by him during such delivery period from producers} from sources other than producers or other handlers,
or produced by him} the exact SlJ.m to be determined by the market administrator,
subject to review by the
I;'rovided) That each handler which is a
cooperative association shall pay such prorata share of expense of administration only on that milk of
actually received at a plant of such cooperative association, or caused to be delivered by such cooperative association
to a plant from which no milk or cream is
of in the marketing area.
(b)
tain a suit
handler's prorata share of expense

The market administrator may mainfor the collection of such
this section.

0ec. 94Ll0
(a) ]Vlarketing service deduction. In
making payments to producers
to Sec, 9.4.1, 8, each handler, with respect
to all milk received from each
during each delivery period, at a
plant not operated by a cooperative association of which such producer is a
in paragraph (
of this section, deduct
member, shall, except as set
3 cents per hundredweight, or such les:.:;er amount as the market administrator
shall determine to be sufficient) such determinatiod to be subject to review
by the Secretary , and shall} on or before the
day after the end of such
delivery period, pay such deductions to the market administrator. Such moneys shall be expended by the market administrator .for verification of weights,
samples, and tests of milk received from such prodtlcers and in providing for
market information to :mch
The market administrator may contract
with an as so cia tion or associations of producers
the furnishing of the
whole or any part of such serv:ices to or with
to, the milk received
from such producers.
j

(b) Marketing service dedu.Q_:t_,l,yns with _respect to members of a producers' cooperative association. In
case of producers whose milk is received
at a plant not operated by a
association of which such producers
are members and for whom a
ve association is actually performing the
services set forth in paragraph (
this section, each handler shall, in
lieu of the deductions specified in paragraph
of this section, make such
deductions from payments :nadepursuan to Sec.
,8 as may be authorized by
such producers} and pay over on or before the
day after the end of each
deli very period such deductions to the associations rendering such service of
which such producers are
.

- 16 -~:lee. 941.11 Market advtsorv _comm}. tt~~·
(a) .Subsequent to the effective date hereof, the market administrator may select a representative committee of the industry for purposes (l) of recommendation of amendments to this
order, and (2) for confer~nce, counsel, ami advice.

Sec. 941.12 Effective_ time, suspension, or termination of order. (a)
Effective time. The provisions hereof, or any amendment hereto, shall become
effective at such time as the Secretary may declare and shall continue in
force until suspended, or terminated,
to paragraph (b) of this section.
(b) 0uspension or termination of Q.:r_c;Qr_. The Secretary may suspend or
terminate this order or any
sion hereof whenever he finds that this
order or any provision hereof obstructs or cioes not tend to effectuate the
declared policy of the act. This order shall} in any event, terminate whenever the provisions of the act
it cease to be in effect.
(c) Continuing powe~ anq_guty of the~~arket administrator. If upon
the suspension or termination of any or all provisions hereof, there are any
obligations arising hereunder, the final accrual or ascertainment of which
requires further acts by any handler, by the market administrator, or by any
other person, the power and duty to
such further acts shall continue
notwithstanding such suspension or termination: Provided, That any such acts
required to be performed by the market administrator shall, if the Secretary
so directs, be performed by such other
, persons, or agency as the Secretary may designate.
(1) The market administrator, or such other person as the Secretary
may designate, shall (a) continue in such
until removed by the Secretary, (b) from time to time account for all receipts and disbursements, and
when so directed by the Secretary deliver all funds on hand, together with
the books and records of the market administrator or such person, to such person as the l:lecretary shall direct, and (
i.f so directed by the Secretary,
execute such assignments or other instruments necessary or appropriate to vest
in such person full title to all funds,
7 and claims vested in the
market administrator or such person
thereto.
(d) ~iguidation after suppension
Upon the suspension
or termination of any or all provisions
the market administrator, or
such person as the ::lecretary may designatej shall, if so directed by the Secretary, liquidate the business of the market administrator's office and dispose of all funds and property then in hi.s possession or under his control,
together with claims for any funds which are unpaid or owing at the time of
such suspension or termination. Any funds collected pursuant to the provisions
hereof, over and above the amounts necessary to meet outstanding obligations
and the expenses necessarily incurred by the rnarket administrator or such per-·
son in liquidating and distributing such funds, shall be distributed to the
contributing handlers and
cers in an equitable manner.
J_.iabjlity of handlers. The liability of
~ec. 941.13 ~iability,
handlers hereunder is several and not joint and no handler shall be liable for
the default of any other handler.
Sec. 941.14 Counterpart.§ and additional
(a) Counterparts of
marketing agreement, as amen~ed. This
as amended, may be executed
in multiple counterparts, a"ld when one cmm
is signed by the Secretary,
all such counterparts shall constitute when taken together, one and the same
instrument, as if all such signatures were obtained in one original.

(b) Additional parties to ttl..§__ marketiy_g_a,greernent, as amended. After
this agreement, as amended, first takes effect) any handler may become a party
to this agreement, as amended) if a counterpart hereof is executed by him and
delivered to the Secretary.
s agreement, as amended, shall take effect as
to such new contracting parties at; the time such counterpart is delivered to
the Secretary, and the benefits} pr:'c vileges, and immunities conferred by this
agreement, as amended, shall then be effective as to such new contracting party.
Sec. 941.15 Authorization to correct txpog~aphical errors and record of
milk handled during the month of __jtpri.:_l 1941. (a) Authorization to correct
typographical errors. The undersigned hereby authorizes 0. M. Reed, Chief,
Dairy Division, ;:lurplus Marketing Administration} to correct any typographical
errors which may have been made in Ud.s marketing agreement, as amended.
(b) Record of milk handlod during the month of April 1941. The undersigned certifies that he handled during the month of April 1941 - - - - - - hundredweight of milk covered by this agreement, as amended} and disposed of
within the marketing area.
Sec. 941.16 Signature oL__pa_rties.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the contracting handlers, acting under the provisions of the act; for the purposes and subject to the limitations herein contained, and not otherwise, have hereunto set their respective hands and seals.

Signature

By
Name

Title

(SEAL)
Address
Attest _ _ _ _ __

Date

-

J)j --

Corporatton only

CERTIFICATE OF RESOLUTION
At a duly convened meeting

the board of directors of
__ "____ hr::Jld at
on the --~---- day of

1941, the following resolution was

:

RESOLVED, That-------------

shall become a party to the
agreement, as amended, regulating the
handling of milk in the Chicago, Illinois, marketing area, as read and explained to the meeting 3 and it is further RESOI.v:r-::D, That
(title)
and

(title)

be, and hereby are authorized ana directed to sign, execute, and deliver a
counterpart of said agreement
hereto, to the Secretary of Agriculture, together with an authorization naming 0. M. Reed to correct typographical errors.
I,
of

--------·-

, Secretary

_

, do here by certify

that this is a true and correct copy of a resolution adopted at the abovenamed meeting, as said resolution appears in the minutes thereof.

Address of firm

SEAL

AND SEAL AT SIGNATURE LINE IN BODY OF AGREEMENT

.
, being duly sworn, deposes and says that he has read the foregoing statement by him subscribed
and knows the contents thereof and that the same are true and correct to
the best of his knowledge and
.

Notary Public

FOREST ENEMIES

..

.

Grazing
It is estimated that 50-60% of the privately
owned woodlands are grazed. Grazing of
woodlands has the same disash·ous effect as
fire. All tree reproduction is killed, soli erosion
increases, tree growth slows down, wildlife
and the
trees are dambe no compromise. An
to either woodland or
to grazing, but it should not be
to
both at
same time. Not only doe:> the
due to
ous plants and acorns, a direct
maybe
~a

area

s

TT E

F
F

I

I

HOW TO KNOW THEM

BY

F. G, WILSON

PublicaHon 507--65
More timber is lost every y<:ar to insects

and disease than to fire. The first line of
defense is i·o maintain

healthy condition.
come along, insect

will build up to a point where
control measures mud be taken. Protection
from fire, grazing and proper cutting practices
prevent many insect and disease
epidemics.

Published by
WISCONSIN CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT

Madison
-68-

20,00()-10

FOREST FIRES

• • •

e

FOREWORD
HE: forest trees of Wisconsin are one of the
T state's
principal resources. To appreciate fully
the value of forests, small woodlands or the trees
of the roadside, it is first necessary to recognize
them by name. Once you can identify them and
realize their good points and faults, their family
connections and their comparative occurrence and
distribution, then you will be better able to enjoy
and profit from this renewable resource. The realization of that end is the purpose of this booklet.
Trees are important to Wisconsin landscapes
from the standpoint of beauty as single specimens
or in groups. In forests and farm woodlands, they
are vital tools for the stabilization of the soil and
in slowing water runoff. Forests are our largest
public hunting and fishing grounds and produce
wildlife and recreational benefits as well as timber crops.
In the near future the capitalized value of Wisconsin's forests will be about a billion dollars and
the value of a single year's crop of finished forest
products may exceed this amount in a single year.
It is evident that we must continue to protect
these forests from fire, insects and diseases and
all citizens should cooperate in this program.
L. P. VOIGT
Conservation Director

- 2 -

DEFINITION: A forest fire is any uncontrolled, wild or running fire occurring on
forest, marsh, field, cut over or other lands
outside the limits of incorporated villages or
cities.
"A little fire is quickly trodden out
Which, if suffered, rivers ·cannot quench."
-SHAKESPEARE

•
Forest Fires Destroy ...
Seventy years of experience with forest
fires has demonstrated that they do nothing but destroy. This extended experience
likewise shows that over 95'% of these fires
are preventable. We get no trees, no game,
no water, no natural beauty-nothing from
fire-swept areas. They do no good wherever
they are allowed to occur. They are totally
destructive and should be stopped.
Farmers, road builders, section crews, and
many other citizens have occasion each year
to use fire for a distinctly beneficial purpose,
such as land clearing and right of way clearing. Such fires are not forest fires in themselves and are not destructive when confined
to the property and job of the owner. But too
often they are allowed to get away and to
burn across country to the harm of neighboring property owners. All fires set for a beneficial purpose should be confined to the property on which they started. All other fires
are destructive and the person or persons
responsible for them should be prosecuted.
-67-

SIGN POSTS TO FOLLOW IN USING YOUR
"TREE ROAD MAP "

FOREST

T REES

0 F

WISCONSIN

INTRODUCTION
REES, like all living things, grow and mature
T and
die, while the forest which is a com-

SIMPLE LEAF NOT LOBED
WITH TOOTHED OUTLINE

SIMPLE LEAF
LOBED WITH SMOOTH OUTLINE

SINGLE NEEDLES

NEEDLES
IN GROUPS

NEEDLES
IN CLUSTER

-66-

munity of trees may live indefinitely, because the
trees reproduce before they die.
Vegetative Reproduction: Many trees repro~
duce vegetatively under certain conditions, for example, most of the broadleaf trees will sprout if
cut when small, while some like basswood will
sprout regardless of age. Others like the black
locust and Lombardy poplar will send up shoots
from the roots at considerable distance from the
parent tree.
The only American conifer (cone-bearing tree)
which sprouts is the redwood, but we have one
often
conifer in
vegetatively, but
another method than
ing._ Lower
the
and
of the
the branch JVv,~vu<"-'"'
Man uses the ability of some trees to reproduce vegetatively. Cuttings from small branches
oif willow or poplar bearing several buds can be
set in
ground to grow, because
will develop roots. Other methods like
and
grafting are
to
varieties. We cannot grow
apple trees from
seed, but must graft a twig from a Baldwin tree
onto a seedling apple tree.
Reproduction by Seed: However, most of our
forest trees grow from seed and the way the seeds
are produced is the basis for classifying plants.
For example, white pine seeds grow in pairs on
the inner surface of the cone scales, while the
hickory are enclosed in a nut. This really is the
difference between the conifers or evergreens and
the broadleaf trees.
In this bulletin the word fruit is used in the
botanical sense, meaning the seeds and seed bearing part, therefore, the acorn and its cup together
constitute a fruit.
The Formation of Seed: Some seed is produced
from "perfect" flowers, like the cherries where
-3-

FOREST

T RE ES

0 F

WISCONSIN

both stamens and pistils are found in the same
flower. In others like the hickories the staminate or male flowers and the pistillate or female
flowers are separate but on the same tree. This
is best illustrated with the corn plant, where the
tassel or staminate flower produces the pollen
which must fertilize the grains in the ear. You
have all seen ears of corn where some of the
kernels did not develop because they were not
fertilized by pollen.
With some species like mulberry and the poplars, some trees have only staminate flowers and
others only pistillate flowers, so that the female
trees will not bear seed unless there are staminate
trees in the vicinity. The Lombardy poplar
which is a horticultural variety of the European
poplar never bears seed because the variety develorped as a mutation or "freak" male tree and
are no Lombardy poplars bearing staminate
flowers. Therefore, it is always reproduced vege; that is, by
or sprouts.
of
their seed in
npen
seeds vary greatly
size and weight, nature has
developed several methods of scattering or planting them. Seeds from the aspens are very light
and so perishable that they must come in contact
with moist mineral soil within a few hours. As
they are covered with cottony down
have
ried by the wind. These two
enabled the aspen to
many of the burned
over areas. Pin cherry also comes in on areas
after forest fires because birds eat the cherries
and may drop the seed far from the parent tree.
Seeds of pine, maple and basswood have wings
so that they are carried farther by wind, while
the heavy nuts and acorns are often buried by
squirrels and then forgotten. Seeds of trees which
grow along the water are carried by streams.
Jack pine is especially interesting because it
protects its seeds from fire. While most of the
cones will open the first autumn, a few will remain closed, sometimes for many years. Then
following a forest fire, these cones will open from
the heat and drop seeds on the denuded land. In
this way jack pine predominates on lands which
originally carried mostly Norway or white pine.
If jack pine grows in your vicinity look for some
-4-

~

Ir-"'o"'".,e-id-u-ou-s-(H:;;;:;;;;;)J

~

i

twig

Plated

t

r::-,1
i

I.

B "L~tt~rn u-t
Pog<>

I L___
17, 18

I
I

.l

~J

ickories
[Coffeetree
The Locust
~Sumach
1

Mountoin A<h
1Page
19, 20
~~~·&I, 52,

C

\

l'

1
and 62

--~-- ~

r----~

1.:_-~"-~:~~~~J l~~-::~
~

he~
(Aspen)

"-~

I

Page 21 to 24

'-------l

lw;~---~

IBiue Beech
ll

ironwood
Beech
Elms
Hackberry
Mulberry

~:;;i:~rry
Basswood

l

l

Page. 25, 26,
27, 31, 39, 40
41, 42, 43, 47
48, 49, 57,, 45

-65-

FOREST

Coniferous (Evergreen)

n. ..

· Tamarack
(O .. clduous)
Page l(l

Pines
Page 7, 8, 9

Foilow the Arrows

r
!NOTE:
This HTree

l

I

1

tree~

toad .uu:tpn- will help
direct you along the right route
lo identify your
To complete

your journey and make sure you I

'have the right species, read careM
f~1y what it
says about each
species in the guide~
Patterned after 41 Leaming to Know
'common Wisconsin Trees," Cir.. 435~
University Extension Service~

--64-

TREES

0 F

WISCONSIN

of these unopened cones and place one on a hot
stove and watch the scales open.
How Trees Grow: The growth of new wood in
any year forms a complete layer over the entire
tree. That is why we can determine the age of a
tree from the number of rings on the stump.
Height growth occurs only in the new wood of any
one year. If a nail is driven into the trunk
of a ten foot tree at five feet from the ground, it
will still be five feet from the ground when the
tree is a hundred feet tall.
The fo,rm of trees depends on the growing
space. We generally recommend a spacing of 6 by
6 feet when planting pine seedlings because we
want the lower limbs to be shaded as soon as possible so that they will die and fall off, leaving tall
straight elean stems which are valuable for timber. Shade trees which have room to spread out
have a large crown with spreading limbs
a
short stem. Notice the trees at
of a
aJ.<.\.cU.'V<J on the
is free
Variations in Trees: Since form and size or
color and character of bark vary with size and
growing conditions, too much importance should
not be placed on them in identifying trees. The
leaves from the lower branches of a tree
have a
different
than those from
tip of the
on the
a tree which was cut may
excessively large
and of unusual shape. Notice the difference between the twigs and needles of balsam trees when
one has had full sunlight and the other grew in
the shade.
An effort has been made to point out sev'eral
distinguishing characte,ristics in describing each
tree. After you have identified the trees, they can
be 'recognized as you recognize your friends on
the street even though you cannot describe them
so that a stranger will recognize them.

SIGN POSTS TO FCLUlW IN USING YOUR
"TREE ROAD MAP"

DECIDUOUS

Scientific and common names are
taken from the list published in the
"Forestry Handbook" as edited by the
Society of American Foresters.

\Hardwood)

CON!F!'ROUS
(Evergreen)

species were omitted because
they do not
reach tree sizep
others
the
sassafras
were not A"''~"'·"'"u.
found in the '"'"""h>'~'m
part
the
Only one introduced
tree, the black locust, has been included,
for it has escaped from cultivation and
established itself in many
of the
state.

OFF05!1E
BRA-NCHING

ALTERNATE
BRANCHJNG

PITH OF TWiG

PITH OF TWIG

NOT CHAMB!i:RED

CHAMBERED

--6-

-63-

FOREST

T R E ES

OF

WISCONSIN

POISON SUMACH
(Toxicodendron vernix)
HIS small tree or large shrub is found only
on low wet ground in the southern part of
the state, while the other sumachs are found on
well drained soil.

T

The compound alternate leaves are 7 to 14
with 7 to 13 oval
In general
the
of ash,
stems are always red,
is the best
distinguishing characteristic of poison sumach.
The fruit is a small grayish white shiny ben·y,
hanging in slender drooping clusters. These ripen
in September and remain on the tree till the
following spring.
The poison is similar in effect to that of the
closely related poison ivy, but is even more
virulent. With both, infection is usually due to
contact. The sap becomes gummy on drying and
is often carried to other parts of the body by the
hands. For first aid, wash the exposed parts
with hot water and strong soap, or gasoline, to
remove as much of the poison as possible.
The regular sumach may be distinguished from
poison sumach principally by its fruit and the
location where it grows. Regular sumach is found
on dry sites and has reddish berries in upright
clusters.
-62-

FOREST

T R E ES

0 F

WISCONSIN

WHITE PINE
(Pinus strobus L.)
white pine occurs naturally throughout the
T HE
northern part of the state and extends south-

ward to Sheboygan and Iowa counties. It was the
most important timber species in the state when
logging was at its height, but the virgin stands
have all but disappeared. It grows on sandy soils
and rock ridges, but prefers heavier and moister
soils.

At maturity it is usually 100 feet, rarely 250
feet high, and two to
feet in diameter.
are three to
inches in length
The
which distinguishes
and occur in bundles of
it from all other eastern
Most of the
needles fall in September
the second year.
The cones, or fruit, are usually five to eight inches long, and require two years to mature.
The bark on young stems is thin, smooth ,and
green, tinged with red, becoming one to two
inches thick, and divided into broad connected
ridges, and dark brownish gray in color. The
wood is light, not strong, straight-grained, easily
worked, light brown, often tinged with red, largely used for lumber, crating, matches, and the better grades for sash, doors, and interior finish.
Its straight stem, pyramidical form and soft
blue-green foliage make it appreciated as an ornamental tree, but being injured by coal smoke it
is not adapted to city planting. Its rapid growth
and the high quality of its wood make it one of
the most valuable trees for forest planting.
-7-

FOREST

T R E ES

0 F

WISCONSIN

FOREST

RED PINE
(Pinus resinosa Ait.)
HE red pine is found throughout the northern part of the state, usually on more
sandy lands than the white pine, to which it is
second in commercial importance. Isolated stands
occur as far south as Pine Bluff in Dane county.
Often called Norway pine, it is an American not
a European tree.

T

The needles are slender and flexible, dark green
5 to 6 inches
and grow in clusthe
or fifth sea2 to 2~ inches
son. The N»nes are
long, shed the seeds in early
and
on the tree till the following summer.
The mature tree is usually 80 to 90 feet or occasionally 150 feet tall, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter with an open round topped crown. In fu_lly
stocked stands it grows very tall and slender w1th
a short crown and clean bole. The bark of the
trunk on older trees is % to 1~ inches thick a~d
divided into broad fiat ridges, covered by thm,
loose, light, red-brown scales. :rhe ":ood is li~ht,
hard, close-grained, pale red w1th thm yellowishwhite sapwood, and is used largely f.o:r construction timbers, lumber, pulpwood, p1lmg, Xmas
trees and increasingly for pressure treated poles.
A fast growing tree of I!lany uses, i~ has be~n
relatively free of serious msect enem1es or diseases and is browsed by deer only as a last resort.
Presently, it is in greater demand than a:w other
species grown in the state forest nurseries.
-8--

T R E ES

0 F

WISCONSIN

GREEN ASH
(Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.)
HE green ash is a medium sized tree, usually
30 to 60 feet high and 1 to 3 feet in diamet~r
and is found on low rich soils, most frequently m
the southern half of the state.

T.

It is similar to the white ash but does not attain its large size, and the wood is slightly infe.
rior, though sold as white ash where cut.
It can be distinguished by the velvet hke hmry
surface of twigs and leaf stem. The wing of the
fruit extends along the sides of the seed bearing
part.
.
It is not equal to the wh1te ash for forest
planting, and is not considered as attractive as a
shade tree.
The green ash, which is a variety of the red
ash, has narrower and shorter leaflets, which are
usually more sharply toothed. The leaves are
bright green and smooth on both surfaces.
-61-

FOREST

T R EES

0 F

WISCONSIN

WHITE ASH
(Fraxinus americana L.)
HE white ash is found over the entire state on
fertile moist soils, but sometimes grows on
rather dry hillsides. It is a large tree, usually 70 to
80 feet tall, with a diameter of 2 to 3 feet, though
much larger trees are found in virgin forests.

T

FOREST

TREES

OF

WISCONSIN

JACK PINE
(Pinus banksiwna Lamb)
ACK pine is commonly found on the sandy
soils of the northern half of the state, and
extends southward along the Wisconsin River to
Iowa and Grant counties.

J

The leav·es of the white ash are from 8 to 12
inches long, and have from 5 to 9 plainly stalked
sharp-pointed leaflets, dark green and smooth
above, pale green beneath.
The male and female flowers occur on different
trees, the male in dense reddish purple clusters,
the female in more open bunches.
The seed bearing portion of the fruit is round
in cross section and much shorter than the wing
which does not extend along its sides.
The bark is grayish brown, rather thick on old
trunks, deeply divided into firm narrow ridges.
The wood is ring-porous, very heavy and strong,
stiff, and tough, brown with thick and much
lighter colored sapwood, and is used for oars, baseball bats, bows of snowshoes and tennis rackets,
garden tool handles, agricultural implements, furniture and interior finish.
The white ash is one of our more important
forest trees because of its rapid growth, immunity from disease or insects and the many uses
of its wood. It should be grown in mixture with
other trees and may also be recommended for
ornamental plantings.

The needles are light green at first, soon becoming darker, % to 1%, inches long, grow in clusters of two and fall during their second and third
year. The cones are oblong-conical, strongly incurved, a~d often remain on the tree for years
without opening until heated by forest fires, thus
re-seeding the ground after fires.
The mature tree is frequently 70 feet high or
occasionally higher, rarely exceeding 2 feet in diameter, though often retaining dead branches
nearly to the ground. The bark OJf the trunk is
thin, dark brown or gray, and divided into narrow
connected ridges.
The wood is light, soft, not strong, closegrained, clear pale brown or rarely orange color
with thick nearly white sapwood. Used for fuel,
boxes and crates, paper and wall board, and for
lumber.
Jack pine will grow on the poorest sand soils
of the state, and is often the only crop which can
be grown with profit on these soils. Primarily a
pulpwood species, it is used for lumber and increasingly for poles, after preservative treatment.

-60-

-9-

FOREST

T

T RE ES

OF

WISCONSIN

TAMARACK
(Larix laricina Koch)

HE tamarack is found throughout the state,
usually in poorly drained swamps, though in
the north it is often found on well-drained uplands.

FOREST

T R EES

OF

WISCONSIN

BLACK ASH
(F'raxinus nigra Marsh.)
HE black ash is distributed over the entire
T state
in swamps and on the low banks of
streams and lakes. It is a medium sized slender
tree, 60 to 80 feet in height, with a diameter of
1 to 2 feet, forming in the forest a narrow crown
of upright branches.

singly
shoots, or clustered on the
lateral
branchlets, linear with blunt apex, about 1 inch
long, soft and flexible, bright green, turning yellow and falling in September or October of the
year. The tamarack is the only native corJ=
which is not A.'""v·~·~c.c'"'
'I'he cones are
inch
about 20 scales,
the
season, but
persisting for a year longer. The trees reach a
height of 80 to 100 feet and a diameter of .1 to 2
feet with a broad open crown of honzontal
bra~ches. The bark of the trunk is % to % inch
thick, separating into thin reddish-brown scales.
The wood is heavy, hard, very strong, rather
close-grained, durable, light brown with thin,
nearly white sapwood, and is used for fuel, posts,
bridge plank, and dimension stock.
The tamarack was attacked by the larch sawfly about 1910 and most of the trees were killed,
but excellent natural stands of saplings have
sprung up.
The closely related European larch, which requires well drained soil, has been widely planted
in the southern part of the state. Its growth is
rapid and the tree gives promise of being valuable for timber production.
NM>H-A,•c;r!

-10-

leaves are similar to
of
other
ashes, but the leaflets, except the terminal one,
are sessile, that is, without a stalk or stem.
The flowers are of two kinds and may be borne
on the same or different trees, the male flowers in
dense dark purple clusters, the female in open
drooping clusters. The wing of the fruit is broader
than that of the white and red ashes, with the
apex distinctly notched, and completely surrounds
the flattened seed bearing part.
The bark is thin, grayish, scaly, breaks up by
rubbing with the hand. The wood is coarse grained
and not so strong or tough as that of the white
ash, and is usually darker in color. It is used for
furniture, interior finish, barrel hoops and baskets, including the hand made baskets of the
Winnebagos.
The black ash may be used for forest planting
on wet locations.
-59-

FOREST

T REES

OF

WISCONSIN

FOREST

T R E ES

0 F

WISCONSIN

BLUE ASH
(Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx.)

BLACK SPRUCE

HE blue ash is found in the southern part of
the state but is nowhere abundant. It prefers
rich limestone hills, but grows well on fertile bottom lands.

(Picea mariana B. S. P.)

T

HE black spruce is found in poorly drained
T swamps
and occasionally on well drained

slopes in the north.

It is a small tree, 20 to 40 feet high, with a
diameter
6 to 18 inches, and can be distinother ashes by the
more
or less
The leaves, as with
ashes, are opposite,
compound, the leaflets being also opposite with a
single leaflet at the tip, making always an odd
number of leaflets. The leaflets have incurved
teeth.
The flowers are perfect and inconspicuous, appearing before the leaves. The fruit is winged,
1 to 2 inches long, in long loose dusters maturing
late in the fall.
The bark of old trunks is light gray, tinged,
with red, irregularly divided into large plate-like
scales, often with the shaggy appearance of the
hickory. A blue dye is obtained by macerating the
inner bark in water.
The wood is similar to that of the white ash,
but is not of commercial importance, owing to
small size and scattered distribution.
It is hardy and grows rapidly and is used for
ornamental planting.
-58-

The needles are four-sided and mounted on a
scale-like base,
to %. inch long, bluish-green,
and persistent
7 to 10
The ct>:~Jes are
1¥2
the
son, green,
brown at
many years.
.-rhe mature tree seldom
60 feet in
height and 1 foot in diameter in Wisconsin, and
is often a stunted tree less than 30
high.
The crown is dense,
narrow conical in form,
extending nearly to the ground, except in dense
stands. The bark is thin, and broken on the surface into thin gray-brown scales. The wood is
light, soft, not strong, pale yellow-white, with
thin sapwood, and is used for paper pulp.
Largely confined to cold wet swamps, its growth
is slow, and it is not suited for ornamental planting. It is cut extensively for Christmas trees.

--- 11-

FOREST

T R E ES

0 F

WISCONSIN

WHITE SPRUCE
(Picea glauca Voss)

HE white spruce occurs naturally over the
T northern
part of the state on moist welldrained soils, and on the banks of lakes and
streams.
The needles are four-sided, incurved, with sharp
tips, pale to dark bluish green in color, and 1/3 to
3/4 inches long. The cones are more cylindrical
than those of the black spruce and usually two
inches long, falling in autumn or winter of the
first season.

The white spruce reaches
60 to 80 feet, rarely 120 feet
in Wisconsin, with a diameter bf 2 to 21j2 feet. 'fhe
crown is a broad-based,
the
curving
in
dense forests. the crown extends well 'down on the
trunk The bark is thin,
separating i n to plate-like,
light gray scales more or
less tinged with brown. The wood is lig·ht, soft,
not strong, straight grained, light yellow, with
hardly distinguishable sapwood, and is most commonly used for paper pulp.
This species is valuable for forest planting because of its fast growth and valuable wood, and
will doubtlessly be used on moister sites either
pure or in mixture with hardwoods and white
pine. As pulpwood it is valuable in small sizes, so
material from thinnings will be of value. It is excellent for windbreaks, shelter belts and ornamental planting, and is preferred to the Norway spruce
from Europe, which has been widely planted in
the state.
-12-

FOREST

T R E ES

0 F

WISCONSIN

BASSWOOD
(Tilia americana L.)

HE basswood or linden as it is sometimes
T called,
is distributed over the entire state, on
rich well-drained, loamy soils, in mixture with
other hardwoods. It commonly attains a height of
60 to 70 feet, but often exceeds 100 feet, with a
tall straight trunk 2 to 4 feet in diameter. Numerous slender branches form a dense rounded crown.

'l'he leaves are alternate,
heart
coarsely toothed,
The flowers appear
white and
their stems
for half their length
long
narrow leaf-like bracts. The fruit is nut-like,
woody, about the size of a pea, and covered with
short thick brownish wool.
The bark on young stems is dark gray and
smooth, on old trunks thick and deeply furrowed
into broad scaly ridges.
The wood is light, soft, close-grained, tough,
light brown to nearly white, and is used for woodenware, trunks, excelsior, piano keys, and many
other purposes. It is one of the more valuable
hardwoods of Wisconsin.
It is an important forest tree of rapid growth,
and is recommended for street and ornamental
planting. It reproduces by sprouting from the
stump better than any other tree in the state.
Bee-keepers value its blossoms.
-57-

FOREST

TREES

OF

WISCONSIN

BOX ELDER
(Acer

n.eg~mdo

FOREST

TREES

OF

WISCONSIN

HEMLOCK
L.)

(Tsu.ga canadensis Carr.)

HE box elder or ash-leaved maple is found
T sparsely
over the entire state. It is a small

HE hemlock is native to the northeastern
T quarter
of the state, extending southward into

sturdy tree 30 to 50 feet high and 1 to 2 feet in
diameter, the trunk often dividing near the
ground, forming a broad unsymmetrical open
crown.

Shawano and Kewaunee counties, thence along the
south border of Marathon, through Clark, Chippewa, Rusk, Sawyer and Bayfield counties. Isolated
stands are found on cool north slopes in Columbia,
Sauk and Vernon counties and along the lake shore
in Sheboygan county. It grows on the better and
moister soils, often in mixtures with hardwoods.

The leaves are opposite and compound, with 3
(rarely 5 or 7) leaflets. The flowers are greenish
and inconspicuous. The fruit is similar to that of
the sugar maple, though smaller, and like it
matures in the fall to germinate the next spring.
The bark on young branches is smooth and
green; on old trees thin, grayish to light brown
and deeply divided.
The wood is light, soft, weak, close-grained, and
decays readily in contact with the soil. It is occasionally used for fuel.
Unfortunately the box elder has been widely
planted for a shade tree 1because of its rapid
growth, when better species might have been
used. Its shade is so dense that grass will not grow
well, making it undesirable as a lawn tree while
the wood is so weak that limbs are often broken by
storms. It is short-lived and generally undesirable.

Hemlock attains a height of 60 to 100 feet and
a diameter of 2 to 4 feet. The needles are flat,
oblong, rounded at the apex, dark yellow-green
above and whitish beneath, ¥2 inch long, attached
by minute stems or stalks, and fall the third season. They are spirally arranged, but appear tworanked. The cones are only 3,4 of an inch long.
The bark is ¥2 to 1 inch thick, deeply divided
into narrow rounded ridges, covered with thick
scales varying from cinnamon-red to gray tinged
with purple and is peeled for tan bark. The wood
is light, soft, not strong, brittle and splintery, and
is cut for general construction lumber and paper
pulp. Being unsuited for forest planting and subject to heavy browsing by deer, hemlock finds its
best chance for survival on Indian reservations.

-56-

-13-

FOREST

T R E ES

0 F

WISCONSiN

FOREST

T R E ES

OF

WISCONSiN

BALSAM FIR

RED MAPLE

(Abies balsam,ea Mill.)

(Acer rubrum L.)
HE red maple occurs over the entire state and
prefers moist soils, though it is common on
drier sites in mixture with other trees. It is usually a medium sized tree 40 to 60 feet high and 1 to
2 feet in diameter, but sometimes larger.

HIS species, commonly called balsam, is the
T only
fir native to Wisconsin, occurring over

the northern half of the state, and preferring cool
and moist sites. It is a short-lived, medium-sized
tree, attaining a height of 40 to 60 feet or rarely
taller and a diameter of one to two feet, with a
symmetrical crown and tapering trunk.

T

Th(~ needles appear
flattened, and % to 1~ inches
and shining above, pale beneath, and
when crushed or dried.
The cones are oblong-cylindrical, 2 to 4 inches
long, dark purple becoming brown. The cones
differ from those of our other native conifers, in
that they stand erect, and shed the scales with
the seed, leaving the dry
The bark on young trees is thin, smooth, grayish, with projecting resin blisters, becoming 1;2
inch thick, roughened by irregular scales.
The wood is light, soft, not strong, coarsegrained, perishable, pale brown with lighter sapwood, used with spruce for paper pulp, boxes and
crates, and occasionally for lumber.
As a Christmas tree, it is more fragrant than
spruce and retains its needles better.

The leaves are simple, opposite, 3 to 5 lobed,
but not so deeply cut as the silver maple, and
doubly serrate or toothed, dull green above, whitbeneath, in autumn turning a brilliant red.
early
clusters
though
quite
conspicuous because of
red color. The fruit
consists of a pair of winged seeds or keys which
fall somewhat later than those of the silver maple
and are but half as large, though like those of the
silver maple, they germinate at once.
The bark is smooth and light gray on young
stems, and dark gray and rough on old trees.
The wood, which is commercially known as soft
maple, is heavy, not strong, close grained, and
light brown in color, and is used for furniture,
woodenware and fuel.
The red maple is quick growing and makes a
fair shade tree for light soils in the northern part
of the state. As a forest tree it has little value.
While widely distributed, it is a short-lived tree
and forms only a negligible part of commercial
stands of timber.

-14-

-55-

FOREST

T R EES

0 F

WISCONSIN

FO~EST

T RE ES

0 F

WISCONSIN

SILVER MAPLE

WHITE CEDAR

(Acer saccharinum L.)

(Thuya occidentalis L.)
HE white cedar or arbor vitae is found
throughout the state, excepting the southwest
portion, along streams or in swamps where the
water is not. stagnant, and farther north, appears
on well dramed slopes, usually in mixture with
hardwoods.

HE silver maple, or soft maple as it is often
T called,
is a common tree on river bottoms or
other deep moist soils, in the southern two-thirds
of the state. Usually a tree 40 to 60 feet in height
with a diameter of 3 to 4 feet, but often taller. A
tree on Wyalusing State Park is over six feet in
diameter.

T

The leaves are opposite, simple with 3 to 5 lobes
points with toothed
and ar~

"""""'1.1<. in

to
are
green on the
upper surface and silvery white underneath.
The flowers appear in the spring before the
leaves, in dense clusters, and are of a greenish
yellow color. The fruit ripen
late spring and
consists of a pair of winged seeds or keys. '
The bark is smooth and gray, becoming darker
and furrowed, separating into long flakes. The
wood is hard, strong, close grained, rather brittle
pale ~rown, with thick lighter colored sapwood:
OccasiOnally cut for lumber. Sugar is sometimes
made from the sap.
It is not of value for forest planting. As a shade
tree it is popular, but the branches are apt to be
broken by storms, and it is often infested with the
cottony maple scale. It is not being planted as
much as formerly.
-54-

The mature tree is
50 to 60 feet hi<Yh
and 2 to 3
in diameter, with a buttress'ed
trunk and narrow compact crown. The needles are
scale-like yellow-green, falling with the short lateral branchlets. The cones are 1/3 to 1/2 inch
long with only 6 to 12 scales, and mature in one
season. The bark is grayish to reddish brown thin
furrovye~, separating ~nto long stringy strip;, Th~
wood IS hght, soft, br1ttle, coarse-grained durable
'
f ragrant, pale yellow-brown, and is largely
used'
for fence posts, telephone poles and shingles and
sometim~s sawed into lumber, the better grades
often bemg used for boat and canoe planking.
The cedar is most valuable as an ornamental
tree, especially the many varieties horticulturists
have developed. As a timber tree it will be confined to s~tes ~oo wet f.or faster growing species,
or grown m m1xture with ash and elm. It is one
of the preferred species for deer browse for which
it is exceedingly important.
'
-15--

FOREST

T R E ES

0 F

WISCONSIN

FOREST.

T

The trunk is lobed and buttressed and the crown
is pyramidal, becoming rounded.
The needles are of two kinds, scale-like and awlshaped, the former being typical, the latter on
t:rees or vigorous shoots. The staminate
flowers are
borne on different
fruit is a
cone which :resembles a berry, with blue skin and succulent
flesh enclosing 1 to 4 seeds.
The b~rk is t~in, often grooved, red-brown, often peelmg off mto narrow stringy strips. The
wood is non-porous, with distinct red heartwood
and nearly white sapwood, light, soft, fragrant,
weak and durable in contact with the soil and
easily worked. It is the favorite wood for' pencils, and is used for moth-proof chests and closets,
and for fence posts. Never of commercial importance in Wisconsin.
Its berry-like fruit, which attracts birds in winter, and the many varieties which have been developed make it favored in landscape work.
Neither this tree nor the white cedar belong to
the true cedars, which are native only to Asia and
Africa.
-16-

0 F

WISCONSIN

SUGAR MAPLE

RED CEDAR
(Juniperus virginiana L.)
HE red cedar is commonly observed only in the
southern part, usually on limestone soils. In
Wisconsin it seldom exceeds 40 feet in height and
a foot in diameter.

TREES

(Acer saccharum Marsh.)

sugar maple is found throughout the state
T HE
usually on the better soils. It attains a height
of 60 to 100 feet with a trunk diameter of 3 to 4
feet. In forests it develops a clean trunk to a good
height, while open grown trees form a dense
round-topped crown.

The leaves are opposite, simple, 3 to 5 inches
long and broad, usually 5 lobed, the lobes sparingly wavy-toothed. Thev
. are thin. and ..firm..
~~

tumn

and red.
The flowers are greenish and inconspicuous. The
fruit differs from our other maples in that it matures in the fall and germinates the next sprino-. It
is a two winged samara or "key".
bark on
young trees is light gray to brown, and rather
smooth, later breaking into long irregular plates or
flakes, which often loosen vertically along the side.
The wood is heavy, hard, strong, close-grained,
light brown to reddish with lighter sapwood. It
is used for flooring, furniture, shoe lasts, and a
great variety of novelties. Low grade material
goes into railroad ties and fuel. Accidental forms
with the grain curled, known as "bird's-eye" and
curly maple are rather common and are prized in
cabinet making. The sap is boiled down for maple
sugar and syrup.
The maple should be extensively planted for
timber, as a shade tree, and for sugar production.
-53--

FOREST

T R E ES

0 F

WISCONSIN

BLACK LOCUST
(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)

T

HE black locust is not native to the state but
has been planted extensively and in some
places has escaped from cultivation, as it grows
well on a wide variety of soils.

FOREST

TRE ES

0 F

WiSCONSIN

BUTTERNUT
(Juglans cinerea L.)

butternut is of common occurrence in the
T HE
southern part of the state and is known to
extend northward into Langlade, Burnett and
Ashland counties. It grows on the better soils.
Trees usually attain a height of 40 to 60 feet,
with a diameter of 2 to 3 feet. The trunk is usually short with broad, open, irregular crown.

a medium sized
Open grovm
usbranch low, forming- a narrow open crown.
leaves are alternate, compound, 6 to 10
inches long, consisting of from 7 to 19 oblong thin
leaflets. The twigs and branchlets carry strong
sharp
which occur in pairs with a leaf-scar
between them.
"White or cream colsnring in
o.1:ed,
ant clusters.
fruit
pod 3 to 5 inches long
containing 4 to 8 small hard seeds which ripen
late in the fall.
The wood is yellow in color, close grained, very
heavy and hard, strong and very durable in contact with the soiL Over its natural range (the
southern Appalachians) it is used extensively for
fence posts, poles, tree nails, insulator pins and
occasionally for lumber and fuel. The future importance is somewhat in doubt. It produces valuable wood and gTows rapidly, but has two serious
insect enemies and a decay fungus which causes
great damage in some localities. It quite frequently winter kills in the northern two-thirds of Wisconsin.
Black locust is valuable for holding soil on steep
banks, because it spreads by sending up suckers
from the roots.

The flowers are of two kinds on the same tree,
the male in long yellowish green catkins, the
male with conspicuous red-fringed stigmas. The
fruit is a nut enclosed in a yellowish-green husk,
pointed at the apex and about 2 inches long, which
is covered with short sticky hairs.
The bark is a lighter gray and not so deeply
furrowed as the black walnut. The wood is light,
soft, not strong, coarse-grained, light brown with
lighter colored sapwood, and is used for interior
finish and furniture.
The butternut can hardly be classed as a valuable timber tiJ:ee, but it will be retained as a roadside and fence row tree, because of its edible nuts.
Boys climbing trees to shake do:wn butternuts
should be careful of weak branches which may
break.

-52--

-17-

a

alternate, compound
inches long, with 11 to
and finely
In the twigs is

FOREST

T RE ES

0 F

WISCONSIN

BLACK WALNUT

FOREST

T R E ES

OF

WISCONSIN

(Juglans nigra L.)

HONEY LOCUST
(Gleditsia triancanthos L.)

HIS valuable forest tree occurs on rich bottom
T lands
and moist fertile soils in the southern

HE honey locust is native only to the southT western
part of the state, but has been planted

part of the state. In the forest it frequently attains a height of 100 feet with a diameter of 2 to
3 feet or more. In the open, the stem is short and
the crown broad and spreading.

in other sections.

alternate,
leaves are 1 to 2 feet
long, and consist of
to 23 leaflets which are
about 3 inches long, extremely tapering at the end
and toothed on the margin. The chambered pith is
cream colored.
The fruit is a nut enclosed in a solid
green
does not split
open even
the
is ripe. The nut itself is
and irregularly furrowed, and edible.
The bark is thick, dark brown, and divided
rather deeply into rounded ridges. The heartwood
is of superior quality and value. It is heavy, hard
and strong, and its rich dark brown color, freedom
from warping and checking, and the ease with
which it is worked, make it one of the most valuable woods on the continent. It is used chiefly for
furniture and cabinet work and gun stocks. Small
trees are mostly sapwood, which is light in color
and of little value.
The walnut can well be planted along roadsides,
in fence corners and on all lands of good fertility,
especially moist coves and valleys. It must be
grown to a large size to obtain the maximum of
heartwood. In planting, the walnuts themselves
should be used, as the long taproot makes transplanting of seedlings difficult.

It attains its best development on
moist
river bottoms, but will do well on fertile well
drained soil. It demands plenty of light.
Though usually a medium sized tree, 40
high, with a diameter of 1 to 2 feet, it som~.:;c.
times
much
an
tree,
into
with a broad round-topped crown.
The leaves are alternate, compound or doubly
compound and somewhat resemble the black locust leaf. The straight sharp branched thorns are
located above the leaf scar. The flowers are greenish and inconspicuous, but the pods are 10 to 18
inches long, flat, often twisted, and contain yellow
sweetish pulp and seeds.
The bark is dark brown and divides into strips
on older trees. The wood is ring-porous with conspicuous rays, heavy, hard, strong and durable in
contact with the soil, heartwood bright reddishbrown with thin pale sapwood, largely used for
fence posts, and general construction.
It is not of commercial importance in this state.
It is free from disease and insect enemies and
grows rapidly. The long pods which litter the
ground make it unsuitable for street planting.

-18-

--51·-

FOREST

T REES

0 F

WISCONSJN

FOREST

TREES

0 F

WISCONSIN

COFFEE TREE

BITTERNUT HICKORY

(Gymnocladus dioicus Koch.)
HIS tree, also called Kentucky Coffee Tree, is
comparatively rare, but has been found as far
north as Winnebago County. It prefers moist fertile soils, and may attain a height of 100 feet and
a diameter of 2 to 3 feet.

(Carya cordiformis Koch.)
HE bitternut is found on well-drained fertile
soils in the southern part of the state extending northward to Langlade, Rusk and Polk counties.

T

The leaves are alternate, 1 to 3 feet in length
and doubly compound. With such large leaves the
tree naturally is without
twigs, and the
branchlets are
and blunt with large pith.
'l'he small
in dusters with male and
female flowers on
trees.
The fruit is a pod, for this tree and the two
following belong to the pea family (legumes).
These pods measure from 4 to 10 inches in length
and remain closed during the winter. The seeds
are half an inch or more in diameter and are separated by a thick layer of sweet pulp. They have
a waterproof coating, so that before planti~g,
boiling water is poured over them, after which
they are left to soak for a day.
The wood is heavy, strong, coarse grained, light
red-brown in color and very durable in contact
with the soil. It is occasionally used for cabinet
work and for posts and general construction.

T

The leaves are
inches long, 'With 5 to 11
gl"een above, paler beneatho The
is a <HYln'" n
nut, thin shelled, with a bitter, non-edible kernel,
covered with a thin husk.
The winter buds are bright yellow, which distinguishes the bitternut from the other hickories.
The bark is light gray, rather thin, and does not
peel off like the shagbark hickory. The wood is
ring-porous, heavy, hard, strong, tough and closegrained, but in every way slightly inferior to the
shagbark.

The coffee tree has been planted as a lawn tree
to some extent.

Although occasionally hit quite hard by insects,
this species is increasing in number, particularly
in the lightly pastured woodland. It supplies a useful wood for repairing farm equipment, but the
local market has disappeared with the passing of
small wagon shops which formerly used this
material.

-50-

-19-

FOREST

T REES

0 F

WISCONSIN

SHAGBARK HICKORY
(Cil!l'Ya ovata Koch.)

HE shagbark hickory is found in the southern
T part
of the state on moist, rich soils and well
drained hillsides.

FOREST

TREES

OF

WISCONS!N

BLACK CHERRY
(Prunus serotina Ehrh.)
HE black cherry is distributed over the entire
T state,
but is most common in the southern half
on the better soils. It is a medium sized tree, up to
70 feet high and 1 to 3 feet in diameter.

L-~~-~~rn·~
:..:;>-- • j!

~ t
I

,

I

)I,)'
{I i)!•

The tree usually attains a height of 50 to 75
feet with a diameter of two feet. The leaves are
alternate, compound 8 to 14 inches long, with 5
to 7 leaflets. Male
female flowers occur on
the same tree. The fruit is a nut similar to the
but has a thicker
shell and
and is covered with a
husk which
to the base.
The bark on old trunks is light gray, peeling
off in long curved platelike strips, which are usually loose at the ends and attached in the middle.
The wood is ring-porous, very heavy, hard,
strong, tough, elastic, and close grained, but not
durable in contact with the soiL The heartwood
is light brown with nearly white sapwood.
Used largely for spokes in the wheels of wagons
and early automobiles, its present use is for handles of axes and other striking tools and for skis.
This is an important species because of the
value of the nuts which it produces, both for wildlife and human consumption. It should be encouraged in woodlots and along roads and fence rows.
Nuts should be planted rather than seedlings
which have a long taproot, and are injured in
transplanting.
-20-

leaves are similar to those of the
cherry but usually more gradually tapered at the
apex, thicker, with the upper surface shiny, and
the teeth on the margin
-i'lh"m·~·-' are similar to
and the fruit is
juiey
later than
The bark is thin,
becoming blackish
and broken into thick irregular plates. The inner
bark has the flavor of bitter almonds.
The wood is reddish-brown with yellowish sapwood moderately heavy, hard, strong, fine
grai:n'ed and does not warp or split in seasoning.
Its value is due to color and lustre rather than
figure and the wood is used for furniture and interior fimsn.
As it was never abundant and has !been cut extensively, it is difficult to find high quality cherry.
Because of this fact and its value, it should be encouraged whenever possible. Like the ch?kecherry,
it is not desirable for ornamental plantmg.
-49-

FOREST

TREES

OF

WISCONSIN

FOREST

TREES

0 F

WISCONSIN

CHOKECHERRY

ASPEN-••pQPPLE••

(Prunus virginiana L.)

(Populus t1iemuloides Michx.)
HE aspen is a common occu!'il'ence throughout
the state, but is most plentiful in the north
on better sandy soils to silt loams.

HE chokecherry is distributed over the entire
T state
on a wide variety of soils, in open woods
and along roads and fences.

T

'~

• llv·

r;{

It is a small tree seldom exceeding 25 feet in
height and 8 inches in diameter.
The leaves are alternate, simple, 2 to 4 inches
long, abruptly pointed at apex, sharply serrate on
margin with slender teeth, dull green a:bove, paler
beneath.
The flowers appear in May when the leaves are
half grown, perfect, about % inch across, born in
many flowered drooping racemes 3 to 6 inches
long. The fruit is the size of a pea, red to almost
black, with dark red flesh, astringent but edible.
The bark on young trees is smooth, shiny,
brownish, peels off easily in thin film-like layers,
becoming thicker, dark grayish, with shallow fissures. The inner bark has a very disagreeable odor.
The wood is similar to that of the black cherry,
but heavier, and is not of commercial importance.
The tree is too small for timber and is not
desirable as an ornamental tree, as the falling
fruit discolors walks or anything it is crushed
against. It is interesting as the most widely distributed tree 'in North America, extending from
the Arctic Circle to Mexico and from the Atlantic
to the Rockies.

It is a medium sized slender tree, usually 30 to
50 feet high, with a diameter of 10 to 20 inches,
forming a loose round crown of slender branches.
The simple alternate leaves are broadly ovate,
thin, firm, finely. toothed on the margin, dark
green above and pale below. The petioles or leaf
stems are slender and flattened, permitting the
leaves to tremble in the slightest breeze, whence
the name "quaking aspen".
The male and female flowers are found on separate trees. The fruit is a capsule 1A, inch long,
the seeds surrounded by a nap of long fine white
hairs, enabling them to be blown long distances.
The bark is smooth, thin, yellowish green to
nearly white, with wartlike excrescences, becoming thick and fissured and almost black.
The wood is light, soft, weak, close grained, not
durable, light brown with nearly white sapWiood,
used for paper pulp and boxes, excelsior, and
lumber.
Many stands, which have come in after forest
fires, have reached merchantable size and this tree
is of commercial importance. More volume of this
species is harvested in the state for pulpwo.od
than any other. It is valuable in reclaiming burns
and as a temporary shelter for white pine.

-48~

-21-

FOREST

T R E ES

0 F

WISCONSIN

FOREST

T R E E S

0 F

WISCONSIN

LARGETOOTH ASPEN-"POPPLE"

PIN CHERRY

(Populus grandidentata Michx.)

(Prunus pennsylvanica L. fils)

HE largetooth aspen is found over the entire
T state,
but is less common than the preceding

HE pin cherry is distributed over the entire
T state,
but is most common in the northern half

species in the northern part.

It is similar to the common aspen
differs in
the following respects-the buds are larger, not so
sharply pointed, the twigs and leaves in early
spring are covered with a whitish wool which soon
disappears, the leaves are usually again as large,
and largetoothed.

Th 8 uses of the wood are the same. The tree
also reclaims old burns, and is valuable as a nurse
tree for the more valuable pines which establish
themselves in its shade and eventually replace it,
for the aspens are short lived.
Because of its great maximum size, its rapidity
of growth and the long clean trunk developed under forest conditions, this tree may be favored
for pulp and paper, excelsior and general utility
purposes.
-22-

on areas· which have been swept by forest fires.

The mature tree reaches a height of about 20
to 30 feet with a diameter of about 10 inches. The
trunk is usually short,
rather ascending
branches forming a narrow crown.
The leaves are alternate or sometimes paired,
but not opposite,
oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 5
inches long, sharply and finely toothed on the margin, :rather snining, green and smooth on both
sides.
The flowers are similar to the common cultivated cherry, but smaller, and appear in early
spring when the leaves are partly developed. The
fruit is a small red cherry with sour flesh. The
bark is thin, reddish-brown, smooth, but roughened by large horizontally elongated lenticels, becoming rough on old trunks, but not fissured.
The wood is light, soft, close-grained, lightbrown with thin yellow sapwood.
The tree is of no commercial importance, but is
valuable because it naturally restocks burned
areas and acts as a nurse tree for more valuable
species.
-47

~

FOREST

T R EES

0 F

WISCONSIN

FOREST

TREES

0 F

WISCONSIN

HAWTHORN

BALSAM POPLAR

('Crataegus species)

(Populus balsamifera L.)

HE hawthorns or thorn apples are so numerT ous
in species and varieties, and are so hard

poplar is naturally distributed over the
T HIS
northern half of the state, usually
rich

to distinguish from each other, that the entire
group is here treated together. Nearly two hundred species of hawthorn, reaching tree size, are
now recognized in the United States, with another
hundred of shrub size. Distinctions are extremely
fine and botanists do not agree on classification.
Many of the species now listed may finally prove
to be hybrids.

Qil

moist soil on river banks and the border of
swamps.

The tree attains a height of 60 to 80 feet or
more with a diameter of 2 to 4 feet, forming a
rather narrow open pyramidal crown of horizontal branches.

on a wide
and
they have in common
many characteristics, such as thorns, white blossoms, red or yellow fruit, short stout trunk, and
rather crooked spreading branches.
The leaves are simple, alternate, and notched on
the margin. The flowers appear in early spring.
Most species have fragrant flowers but with
others the odor is unpleasant. The fruit varies
from globular to oblong, from ~ to % inch in diameter, and with some species is edible.
The bark is generally thin, gray in color, and
on old stems is broken up into thin narrow scales.
The wood is heavy, hard, strong, and tough, but
is rarely used because of its small size.
The hawthorns will be used for ornamental
planting and will naturally persist in rough pastures and along roads.
-

46--

are ov1ne··1m1ce
and about half
finely

to 5 inches
scalloped

Male and female flowers are on separate trees.
The fruit is a ca::Jsule, borne in catkins 4 to
6 inches long, containing light brown hairy seeds.
The winter buds are long-pointed, brownish, :resincoated, sticky and fragrant.
The bark is thick and grayish on old trunks,
and divided into broad rounded ridges. The wood
is light, soft, weak, light brown in color, with
thick, nearly white sapwood. Occasionally it is cut
for lumber.
This tree is a rapid grower and fairly long lived.
Not adapted for city use because of breaking in
storms, and like all the poplars causes trouble by
clogging drains and sewers. Propagated from cuttings.
-23--

FOREST

TREES

OF

WISCONSIN

FOREST

TREES

OF

WISCONSit-1

EASTERN COTTONWOOD

SERVICE BERRY

(Populus deltoides Bartr.)

(Amelanchier canadensis L.)
HE service' berry, often called June berry or
shadbush, occurs solitary or occasionally iin
clumps, throughout the state. It prefers open situations and moist soils, but also grows on sandy
soils.

HE cottonwood is distributed over the entire
T state
but is rare in the northern portion. It
occurs on river bottoms and lake shores, but does
well when planted on drier sites.

It attains a height of 70 to 90 feet with a trunk
diameter of 3 to 5 feet, forming a spreading open
symmetrical crown, often dividing 20 ·or 30 feet
from the ground into several massive limbs.
The leaves are broadly ovate or triangular
pointed, square at the base, and coarse-toothed at
the edges, 3 to 5 inches long, light green above
and paler below. The male and female flowers
occur on separate trees. The winter buds are
covered with chestnut brown resinous scales.
The bark becomes ashy gray, deeply divided
into broad rounded ridges. The wood is soft, light
weight, with dark brown heartwood and thick
nearly white sapwood. It warps badly in drying
and is difficult to season, but the pulp makes a
high grade of gloss magazine paper.
This species grows very rapidly, having been
known to grow five feet in height in a single year.
It is well adapted to wet places, especially along
river bottoms, and is propagated by cuttings. It
is not desirable for city planting.
-24-

T

It is a small tree, usually attaining a height of
20 to 30 fee,t, with a diameter of 8 to 12 inches.
The trunk is usually straight and slender, bearing
a shallow and narrow crown.
The leaves are alternate, simple, ovate, 3 to 4
inches long, sharply pointed at the apex and finely toothed on the margin. The flowers appear
when the leaves are just starting to develop. They
are large, white, perfect, and are arranged in
drooping clusters 3 to 5 inches long. The fruit is
berry-like, ripening in early summer, red, becoming dark purple. The bark is gray and smooth,
occasionally roughened on old trees.
The wood is heavy, hard, strong, dark brown,
touched with red. It is actually stronger than
white oak, but of no commercial importance because of its small size and limited and scattered
distribution.
The tree will be retained where it does not interfere with more valuable species. In the spring
the entire tree is a mass of white blossoms, so
that its beauty entitles it to survive along roads
and fence rows.
-45-

FOREST

TREES

OF

WISCONSIN

FOREST

TREES

OF

WISCONSIN

MOUNTAIN ASH

BLACK WILLOW

(Sorbus americana Marsh.)
HE distribution of the mountain ash in Wisconsin is not definitely known, but it is most
commonly found in the lake region of the northern
counties, usually on the borders of lakes .and
swamps.

(Salix nigra Marsh.)
HE black willow is found along streams
throughout the state. It rarely exceeds 50
feet in height, and is found growing singly or in
clumps.

T,

T

~
.

·~~;---"~'-"-=::=----~~a~"":::::::~:::::::s;:
~
=• s:

It is a small tree, rarely exceeding 20 feet in
height, with short trunk and narrow round-topped
crown.
The leaves are alternate, compound, with 13 to
17 leaflets, which, excepting the terminal one, oc~
cur in pairs. The flowers appear when the leaves
are fully developed. They are white, 1/8 inch in
diameter, in flat clusters 3 to 4 inches across. The
fruit is as large as a medium sized cherry, red,
becoming wrinkled in winter, and arranged in flat
topped clusters.
The bark is thin, smooth or slightly scaly, and
gr~yish, and the wood soft, weak, brownish, and
close grained, not used commercially.
The mountain ash is used for ornamental planting, though the European species is more commonly used. While too small for a street tree, it makes
a distinctive lawn tree. The berries remain on the
tree during the winter and are relished by birds.

The twigs are bright reddish-brown or golden,
and quite conspicuous in winter. The leaves are
from 3 to 6 inches long, and less than 1f2 inch
wide, the tips are very much tapered, and the entire margin finely toothed. The leaves are bright
green on both sides and turn yellow in fall.
The flowers are in catkins, the male and female
on separate trees. The fruit is a pod, bearing
numerous minute seeds which have long silky
down, enabling them to be blown long distances.
The bark is deeply divided into broad flat
ridges, which separate into thick plate-like scales,
becoming very shaggy. In color it varies from
light brown to nearly black. The wood is light,
soft, not strong. It is used for artificial limbs,
fuel and charcoal.
None of the willows ar·e as valuable as other
timber trees which might be grown in their place.
There are many species of willows which vary
greatly and hybridize frequently, so that only an
·expert is competent to identify the species so
commonly found. Therefore only one species was
selected to illustrate the willows. Except where
cultivated for basket work they are valuable chiefly to check soil erosion along stream banks. They
can be grown from cuttings, and grow rapidly,
making them valuable for windbreak planting on
low wet land.

-44-

-25-

FOREST

T R E ES

0 F

WISCONSIN

FOREST

T RE ES

OF

WISCONSIN

BLUE-BEECH

RED MULBERRY

(.Carpinus caroliniana Walt.)
HE blue-beech or hornbeam is found over the
entire state, usually on rich moist soils or
on well drained soils in the shade of other trees.

(Morus •rubra L.)
HB mulberry is found on rich, moist soils in
mixture with other hardwoods, and has been
observed only in the southwestern corner of the
state, extending up the Mississippi river to Pepin.
It attains a height of 40 to 60 feet with a diameter of 1 to 3 feet. The trunk is short and the
crown round-topped and dense.

T

T

;~' .i-y.,
'j

"\f~ :· J,~

•

~r1':
'>.·.

.k\\ ~Wi~
I

·~t ~tFtv\ (i~\q · · .• ···

\~~~If'J ~,- ~-

~:;V\Z;
'\: -~---i:/:t .(

It is usually a low, bushy tree, 10 to 30 feet

high, with a spreading crown of slender crooked
or drooping branches. The trunk is usually 6 to
8 inches in diameter, fluted, often crooked, and

-

'"--1f7.s"
u 11.

The leaves are simple,
oval, long
pointed, double toothed along the margin, and 2 to
3 inches in length. Both male and female flowers
are in catkins born on the same tree. The fruit is
a nutlet about 113 inch long, and falls attached to
the leaf-like three-lobed scale, which acts as a
wing in aiding its distribution by the wind.
The bark is smooth, light brownish gray to dark
bluish gray in color, resembling that of the true
beech. The wood is hard, strong, light brown, with
thick nearly white sapwood and is locally used for
levers, tool handles, etc. The tree is of no cQIDmercial importance, and is valueless for forestry
purposes, but is attractive as an ornamental tree
because of its fluted trunk and delicate branches,
and the orange and scarlet coloring of its leaves in
autumn. It is too small for a street tree.

The leaves are alternate, simple, ovate, or heart
shaped, toothed, 3 to 5 inches long. Occasional
are mitten-shaped or 3 lobed or 5
leaves
The leaves without lobes
except the sides are
at the base, while
wood leaves are unequal or lopsided at the base.
Another point of distinction is the milky juice
which can be squeezed from the stem of a fresh
mulberry leaf.
The flowers are of two kinds, both occurring on
the same tree. The fruit is similar to that of the
white mulberry, a native of Asia, which has been
planted extensively in the state for its fruit
The bark is rather thin, dark grayish brown,
peeling off in long narrow flakes. The wood is
light, soft, not strong, rather tough, orange-yellow in color, and very durable in contact with the
soiL It is used for fence posts and fuel.
The mulberry cannot be recommended for forestry purposes, but is an excellent ornamental tree,
and also furnishes food for birds.

-26-

-43-

FOREST

T R EES

OF

WISCONSIN

FOREST

HACKBERRY
(Celtis occidentalis L.)
HE hackberry is sparsely distributed through
southern and western parts of the state, extending up the Wisconsin .River Valley to Marathon County and up the St. Croix to Polk County,
growing on well drained fertile soils.

T

In Wisconsin it usually attains a height of 60 to
a diameter of 1:Y2 to 2~ feet The
stem is usualJy straight and the crown rather
wide spreading and round topped.
The leaves are simple, ovate, alternate onesided, 2 to 4 inches long, the edges tooth~d towards the long point.
The flowers are inconspicuous and both the male
and female flowers are usually found on the same
tree and appear in May. The fruit is a round,
somewhat oblong drupe or berry, from ~ to 1/3
of an inch in diameter. It has a thin purplish skin
and very thin yellowish flesh, and often remains
on the trees most of the winter.
T~@ ~ark is grayish and has short warty ridges
pfrOJectmg from a smooth base. The wood is
heavy, rather soft, weak, and decays readily when
exposed. It resembles ash in appearance when
sawed. Its chief use is for fueL
The hackberry is not valuable for forest planting, but makes a desirable shade tree. The distinctive bark is attractive.
80 feet

-42-

TREES

0 F

WiSCONSIN

IRONWOOD
(Ostrya virginiana Koch.)
HE r o n w o o d or hop-hornbeam is found
T throughout
the state, usually on the better
i

well-drained soils, or gravel ridges, in mixture
with other hardwoods.

It is a small tree, 20 to 40 feet high and 8 to 12
inches in diameter, with broad,
crown of
slender branches. The leaves are ovate-oblong with
narrow
double-toothed
the margin,
and two to
long.
male and fe-·
male flowers are found on the same tree. 'l'he
fruit, which resembles that of the common hopvine, consists of a branch of leafy bracts, containing small flat nutlets.

The bark is grayish-brown, thin, very narrowly
and longitudinally ridged. The wood is very heavy,
hard and strong, tough and durable, light brown to
white. Occasionally used for fence posts, tool
handles, etc., on farms. Too small and scattering to
be of commercial importance. It is still valuable
because the buds are useful as winter food foc
ruffed grouse. May be used for planting on lawns
and in parks, but is too small for a street tree.
In many farm woodlots containing ironwood, it
fills in openings with seedlings so readily that in
some sections of the state it must be regarded as
a weed tree.
-27-

FOREST

TREES

OF

WISCONSIN

YELLOW BIRCH

FOREST

TREES

OF

SLIPPERY

WISCONSIN

E~M

(Betula allagkaniensis)

(Ulmus rubra Muhl.)

yellow birch is found over the northern
T. HE
half of the state on rich moist uplands, with

HE slippery elm is distributed over the entire
T state,
but is rare in the northern portion, and

scattering trees as far south as Sheboygan, Sauk
and Grant counties.

is usually found on banks of streams and low
fertile hillsides.

It is usually 60 to 80 feet high with a diameter
of 2 to 3 feet, but occasiqnally 100 feet with a
diameter of over four feet. On the better soils
the trunk is often clear for half its length, with
a broad round-topped crown.
The leaves are 3 to 4 inches in length, ovate,
acute at the apex with the margin double-toothed.
The fruit is erect, ovate, 1 to 1¥2 inches long
and ¥2 inch thick. The bark is close and furrowed
or peels off in thin yellow filmlike layers, on ·old
trunks becoming thick, dull and broken into large,
thick irregular plates. The wood is heavy, very
strong and hard, close grained, light-brown or red,
with pale sapwood and is used extensively for
furniture, interior finish, doors, and veneer for
panels, often exhibiting beautiful figures and susceptible to a high polish. It is one of the most useful and beautiful of our hardwoods and is today,
one of the most valuable species of Wisconsin
hardwoods. It should be favored for regeneration
in hardwood forests, but is not desirable for ornamental planting.

This elm is a medium sized tree, but noticeably wide-spreading. Usually 40 to 60 feet in
height, with a diameter of 1 to 2 feet.
The leaves are simple, alternate, 4 to 6 inches
in length, sharp pointed, their bases unsymmetrical, doubly-toothed margins, thick, dark green and
rough on both sides.
The fruit consists of a seed surrounded by a
thin, broad, greenish wing, about 7'2 inch in diameter. The flowers appear in early spring and
the seeds ripen when the leaves are half grown.
The bark is frequently 1 inch thick, dark grayish brown and broken by shallow fissures into
flat ridges. The inner bark is fragrant, and when
chewed b e c o m e s mucilaginous and slippery
whence the tree gets its name.
The wood is ring-porous, heavy, hard, strong,
dark brown to red, with thin lighter colored sapwood, and durable in contact with the soil. It is
used for fence posts, agricultural implements, and
lumber. The slippery elm is not of value for fm-est
planting. The inner bark is used in medicine, and
occasional shipments of this product are made
from points in southwestern Wisconsin.

-28-

-41-

FOREST

T R EES

OF

WISCONSIN

ROCK ELM
(Ulm~ts

thomasii Sarg.)

T

HE rock elm reaches its best development in
Wisconsin on the well drained soils of Langlade and Shawano counties, but is found southward and westward throughout the state on a
variety of soils. It attains a height of 80 to 100
feet with 60 feet of clear length, and a diameter
3 feet, but on poorer sites is often short and
liroby. It seldom forks like the other elms, but retains a straight central trunk.

FOREST

T REES

0 F

WISCONSIN

RIVER BIRCH
(Betula nigra L.)
HE river birch is found in the southwestern
T. part
of the state, extending up the Wisconsin

R1ver to ~tevens Point and up the Mississippi to
Lake Pepm and grows only on deep, rich soils,
along the borders of lakes and streams, which are
sometimes inundated for weeks at a time.

1$.

In Wisconsin it is .
40 to 60 feet high,
at 20 feet from the
with a
often
trunk
of one to two
leaves are
2 to 3 inches long with
The
is characteristic of the
seeds
ripen in May or June.
The leaves are simple, alternate, 2 to 2¥2 inches
long and more obtusely pointed than the other
species. The flowers are greenish and appear in
early spring. The fruit is similar to the other
elms but has a shallow notch at the end. It ripens
when the leaves are half grown.
The bark is % to 1 inch thick, gray and divided
into broad flat ridges. Corky ridges o:r wings
develop on the bark of the twigs. The wood is
heavy, hard, very strong and tough, close grained,
and has many uses. Hockey sticks are made of
rock elm.
Owing to the value of the wood, the rock elm
should be favored in woodlots and forests where
it occurs. It is also used for shade and ornamental
planting.

The bark provides a ready means of identification, varying from cinnamon to red-brown, and
peeling back in tough papery layers. These persist
presenting a very ragged appearance. On the
older trunk the bark becomes thick, deeply furrowed and reddish brown.
.
The wood is light, rather hard, strong, closegrained, light brown with thick pale sapwood.
Used for fuel, pulp and occasionally for lumber. It
is attractive as an ornamental tree along lakes
and streams and will doubtlessly remain a characteristic tree of the broad bottom lands along the
Wisconsin and Mississippi River. Since this is a
southern species it does not reach its best development here.

-40-

-29-

FOREST

TREES

OF

WISCONSIN

FOREST

TREES

OF

WISCONSIN

PAPER BIRCH

AMERICAN ELM

(Betula papyrifiera Marsh.)

(Ulmus americana L.)

HE paper or white birch is found throughout
T the
state and occurs chiefly on the better sand

HIS elm is commonly found on bottom lands
T and
low, moist hills throughout the state, in

and gravel soils in mixture with pine and aspen.

mixture with other hardwoods.

The wood is light, strong, hard, light reddishbrown with thick, light sapwood. It is used for
spoons, pegs and pulpwood and is occasionally cut
into lumber. The bark was used by the Chippewas
for canoes but the making of bark canoes will
soon be a lost art.

It reaches an average height of 80 feet with a
diameter of 2 to 4 feet, but often exceeds 100 feet
in height with a diameter of 6 to 8 feet or more.
Forest grown trees often divide into several large
branches at 30 to 50 feet from the ground, while
open grown specimens usually branch sooner and
have a wide spreading crown of pendulous
branches.
The leaves are alternate, simple, 4 to 6 inches
long, dark green above, paler below, doublytoothed, rounded at the base on one side and
wedge-shaped on the other.
The flowers are small, perfect, greenish, on
slender stalks, appearing before the leaves in
early spring.
The fruit is light green, oval shaped, with the
seed portion in the center entirely surrounded by
a wing. A deep notch in the end of the wing is
distinctive of the species. The seed ripens in the
spring and is disseminated by the wind.
The wood is heavy, hard, strong, and difficult
to split, and is us·ed for slack cooperage, and
veneer for baskets, crates, and cheese boxes.·
This species is very susceptible to the Dutch
Elm Disease which is now found in Wisconsin ....

-30-

-39-

The paper birch is a medium sized tree 50 to 75
feet in height with a diameter of 1 to 2 feet, in
close stands. The trunk is clear, often forking
near the top.
The leaves are ovate, 2 to 3 inches long, upper
surface dark green, under surface light green,
narrowed or rounded at the base, sharply toothed
on the margin and sharply pointed at the apex.
As with all the birches, the male and female
flowers occur on the same tree, the flowers being
catkins. The fruit is cone shaped, about 1¥2 inches
long and composed of scales and small winger nutlets. The bark on young trunks and large limbs is
thin, creamy white, separating into thick papery
layers, pale orange colored when first exposed to
the light, becoming dark and rough on old trunks.

FOREST

T R E E S

0 F

WISCONSIN

CHINQUAPIN OAK
(Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm.)
HIS tree, also called yellow oak, is distributed
sparsely over southern Wisconsin, extending
up the Rock River above Janesville, up the Wisconsin to Sauk City and up the Mississippi to Lynxville. Recent reports show that it occurs as far east
as Southeastern Waukesha County. It grows on
limestone ridges and on fertile bottom lands and
the rocky banks of streams, reaching 80 to 100
feet in height and 3 to 4 feet in diamete!".

T

The leaves, usually crowded on the ends of the
slender branches, 4 to 7 inches long, the margin
with sharp incurving or broad round teeth. ~he
upper surface is light yellow-green, the under s1de
pale and covered with fine short hairs. The acorns
o-row singly or in pairs, sometimes on a short
heavy stalk, the nut covered for one-half its le~gth
by the thin cup. The seed is sweet and somet1mes
edible.
The bark on the trunk, rarely one-half inch
thick is broken into thin loose pale gray scales.
The ,~ood is similar to that of the white oak and
equal to it in quality.
.
.
.
This valuable tree was once fairly plentiful m
several southwestern counties and should be favored where found or grown from seed.
-38-

FOREST

T REES

0 F

WISCONSIN

BEECH
(Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.)
EECH is found in Eastern Wisconsin, or: ferB tile
well drained soils derived from limestone.
In the vicinity of Racine it reach~s only a few
miles inland from Lake Michigan, but farther
north it extends as far west as the Wolf River in
Lanr;Iade County.

It usually attains a height of 50 to 75 feet wit_h
a trunk diameter of 2 to 4
the forest 1t
is taU and slender,
a narrow
in the
open with a short, thick trunk and
compact, rounded crown.
The simple oval leaves are 3 to 4 inches long,
pointed at the apex and coarsely toothed, becoming leathery when mature.
The bark is most distinctive, as it maintains a
smooth, steel-gray surface throughout its life.
Trees near frequented places usually have the
bark carved with initials. The fruit is a stalked,
prickly, 4 valved bur, containi~g usually two ~ri­
angular, shiny brown nuts with a sweet ed1ble
kernel.
The wood is hard and strong, but not durable,
and is used for chairs, tool handles, fuel and pulp.
Although beech is not a highly commerr:ial species it should be retained whenever possible for
its 'wildlife value. It is desirable for landscape
work because of its beauty and freedom from insect pests.
-31-

FOREST

T R EES

0 F

WISCONSIN

FOREST

T R EES

0 F

WISCONSIN

RED OAK
(Quercus rubra auth)

oak is common throughout the state,
T onHEtheredbetter
sandy or gravelly clay soils. It
attains a height of 70 to 90 feet with a trunk
diameter of 2 to 4 feet. In dense forest, the trunk
is straight, clean and continuous, bearing a small
narrow crown.

The leaves are 5 to 9 inches long, 4 to 6 inches
towards the
and divided
7
each being ""'~"''""'
w--r;lnDela. and
paler below.
The acorn matures at the end of the second
season, and consists of an ovoid nut covered at
the base by a shallow cup which is velvety inside.
The bark is smooth, gray to brown, becoming
broken by shallow fissures into continuous, djstinctly flat-topped ridges.
The wood is ring-porous, with conspicuous
medullary rays, heavy, hard, strong, close grained,
light reddish brown with thin lighter colored
sapwood, and is used for construction, interior
finish, furniture, pulp, and ties. The best logs are
largely cut into veneer.
The red oak is the most rapid growing of aU
our oaks, and is our most commercially important
hardwood, therefore, it should be encouraged
whenever possible. This species deserves to be
planted and regenerated naturally on a large scale.
-32-

SWAMP WHITE OAK
(Quercus bicolor Will d.)

HE swamp white oak is sparsely distributed
T over
the southern part of the state, extend-

ing north into Wood and Buffalo counties. ~t
grows on the borders of streams and swamps m
moist fertile soil, and reaches 60 to over 100 feet
in height, with diameters of 2 to 3 feet.

The leaves are 5 to 6
long, round toothed
or slightly lobed, dark green and lustrous above,
and pale beneath. The acoms mature in one sea"·
son and grow in pairs on slender stalks 1¥2 to 4
inches long, the nut inclosed for about one-third
of its length by the thick cup.
The bark on small branches is smooth, later
separating into large thin scales which curl back,
exposing the inner bark. The wood is similar to
the white oak and is used for the same purposes.
The tree should be favored where it grows
naturally as it is a good tree for such sites. It
also grows well when planted on well-drained
fertile soils, and has been used to some extent as
a shade tree. Young trees are rather distinctive,
but full-grown trees have a general appearance
much like that of the true white oak.
-

37~

FOREST

T R E ES

OF

WISCONSIN

BUR OAK
(Quercus macrocaYpa Michx.)
HE bur oak is distributed over the entire state,
though towards the north it is smaller, becoming scarcely more than a shrub in the northern
counties. It prefers low rich bottom lands, and is
the common oak of the "oak openings" of the
southwestern part of the state.

T

FOREST

TREES

OF

WISCONSIN

JACK OAK
(Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill)
HIS oak is found throughout the state, usu~
ally on sandy soils of low fertility. In Wisconsin it seldom exceeds a height of fifty feet or
a diameter of two feet. The trunk is short and
bears many forked branches.

T

~.
~
·~·\·"'.1f.;;~
~\ v

jrj;l

\~:>\. I~·~ ~J'~·i'

~-"''frt"";('

w.y~":'.

r~

The leaves are similar
those of the scarlet
oak,
not so shiny above, with five to seven
lobes. Late in autumn they turn yellow or pale
more or less blotched Vi-ith
The
acorn
two seasons to
and is in~
closed for one-third to one-half its length in the
cap, which gradually tapers at the base.

a tree ;so to 80 feet
with a diameter of to 4
It gene:rally
a
of heavy spreading branches, and often grows
the open where it has a short limby trunk.
The leaves are similar to the common white
oak, but have a pair of deep :indentions near their
base. They :range
6 to 12 inches long and onehalf as broad, dark green above, and paler and
finely hairy below.
The bark on the smaller branches develops
corky wings or ridges.
The acorn, as with all the white oaks, matures
the first season. The fringed cup is deep, embracing from one-half to nearly the entire nut.
The wood is similar to that of the common
white oak and is used for the same purpose. The
bur oak is a useful tree and should be favored
in woodlots where it exists. It is also a desirable
shade tree, as it withstands smoke more than
most other oaks.

Jack oak originally grew in mixture with pines,
but fires have killed most of the pines, while the
oak, because of its ability to send up sprouts from
the roots, was able to reproduce itself. As a result, Wisconsin has these areas, capable of producing pine, growing this inferior oak instead. Where
fires were not too frequent, some jack pine is
found in mixture with the jack oak, but where the
fires killed the young stands of jack pine before
they were large enough to produce seed, only jack
oak is left.

-36--

-33-

The bark resembles that of the scarlet oak but
the inner bark is pale yellow. The wood resembles that of the red oak and is used for fuel,
posts, railroad ties, and pulp.

FOREST

T R E ES

0 F

WISCONSIN

FOREST

T R E E S

0 F

WISCONSIN

BLACK OAK

WHITE OAK

(Quercus velutinro Lam.)

(Quercus alba L.)

HE black oak is found on dry uplands and
T gravel
slopes and ridges over the southern

oak is common on the better soils
T inHEthewhite
southern half of the state.

half of the state. It usually attains a height of 60
to 80 feet with a trunk diameter of one to three
feet. The crown is irregular in shape and often
wide.

It is 60 to 80 feet high, or more, with a diameter of 2 to 4 feet, and considerable clear length
in the forest. Open grown trees have a deep, wide
crown.

The leaves are usually 5 to 6 inches long and
3 to 4 inches wide, shaHow or deeply lobed, the
shape varying greatly.
mature the leaves
are dark green and shiny on the upper surface,
pale on the lower, more or less covered with
down, and with conspicuous rusty brown hairs in
the forks of the veins.
The fruit matures the second season. The nut
is from ¥2 to 1 inch long, more or less hemispherical in shape, and from one-half to threequarters enclosed in the thin, scaly cup. The
kernel is yellow and extremely bitter.
The bark soon becomes rough and black, on old
trees being thick, broken by deep fissures into
thick ridges, which are cross-fissured. The inner
bark is bright yellow.
The wood is similar to that of the red oak, although inferior, it is generally used for the same
purpose.
This species is rather slow of growth. Like the
two preceding species of the red oak group, many
trees are killed by a disease called oak wilt.

The leaves are simple, alternate, 5 to 9 inches
long and about half as broad. They are deeply
bright green
divided into 6 to
and much.
'rhe fruit is an acorn, maturing the first year,
the nut being three-fourths of an inch long, light
brown with about one-fourth enclosed in the cup.
The bark is light ashy-gray, broken into thin
plate-like scales.
The wood is heavy, hard, strong, tough, closegrained, ring-porous and with conspicuous medullary rays, which give the figures shown when
quarter sawed. It is used for construction, shipbuilding, tight-cooperage, furniture, agricultural
implements, interior finish, furniture and flooring.
Notwithstanding its comparative slow growth,
white oak is valuable for forest, highway and
ornmental planting.
The past demand for white oak led to its cut:
ting to such an extent that it is now difficult to
find choice large white oak trees in Wisconsin.

-34-

-35-